855 
and at other times down the back. This same mother-of-pearl ornament 
is also worn by men. The women, like their sisters of Abra and Ilokos, 
are inordinately fond of beads, which they string and wear around their 
necks, in their hair, and on their wrists and arms. Probably the explana- 
tion of their lack of the elaborate armlets worn by the Tingian women 
of Abra may be found in the scarcity of beads from which to make 
them. Miniature battle-axes are worn thrust into the hair or the turban. 
They serve a double purpose, as ornaments and as implements for cutting. 
(Pl. XXII, fig. 4.) Agate beads are more highly valued than are any 
others. 
Occasionally one meets a man whose fingers are covered with gold, 
silver, and brass rings, or one with very elaborate ear ornaments. 
The more civilized Tingians build quite compact towns. Their houses 
are frequently made almost entirely of bamboo and are roomy and scru- 
pulously cleaam. (Pl. XXXV, fig. 2.) They are arranged along well- 
defined streets. (PI. XXIX, fig. 1.) With the wild Tingians of Apayao 
a large percentage of the houses have floors and sides of boards, hewn 
with great labor from forest trees. The roofs, which are concave on the 
inner side, are made with an inner layer of neatly cleaned stems of runo 
grass, tied so closely together that they touch each other. Over this 
come several inches of thatch and then two or three layers of bamboo, the 
individual pieces being halved and laid with convex and concave surfaces 
alternately turned upward. Over the layers of bamboo comes a very 
thick one of well-packed thatch. A roof of this sort must last for many 
years, and is perfectly water-tight. The houses of the Tingians of 
Apayao are often framed with hard wood, and many of the boards are 
ornamented with carvings. (Pl. XX XV, fig. 1.) In some instances 
eyes, noses, and mouths are cut out of the boards, so that rude effigies 
of human faces are produced. (Pl. XLVII, fig. 3.) Frequently the side 
boards are perforated by round peepholes which enable the occupants 
to observe people outside without exposing themselves. 
Houses of the better class are invariably built on piles and raised well 
above the ground. Some of the poorer houses of the Tingians of Apayao 
are constructed entirely of bamboo, even the roofs being made of joints 
of this useful plant. In addition to their dwellings, the Tingians of 
Apayao construct rice-granaries (Pl. XXXVI, fig. 3) and chicken- 
houses. Those of Abra and Ilokos build quite elaborate rice-granaries 
(Pl. XXXVI, fig. 4) and sometimes construct stables for their domestic 
animals. They also make miniature houses called balaua (Pl. LXVIT, 
fig. 2), in and around which are given feasts in honor of their ancestors. 
Although some of the Tingians of Abra and Ilokos fish and hunt on 
occasion (Pl. L, fig. 3), they are essentially an agricultural people and 
depend for food far more upon the products of their farms than upon 
those of fishing and the chase. They have extensive rice-paddies on 
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