856 
fairly level ground and also cultivate tobacco, taro, Indian corn, and 
cotton upon a considerable scale. Near their houses they often plant 
fruit trees. In general it may be said that their agricultural operations 
are often both more extensive and more successful than are those of their 
Ilokano neighbors. They raise carabaos, cattle, and horses in consider- 
able numbers. Their horses are used for riding instead of for eating. 
So far as my observation goes, the Tingians of Apayao have no irri- 
gated rice-fields. They raise a very limited quantity of mountain rice, 
which, after being threshed, is preserved in joints of bamboo over the 
fireplaces in their houses. Upon the steep mountain-sides they grow 
a considerable quantity of tobacco of excellent quality (Pl. XXXIX, 
fig. 2), and they also raise camotes, gabi, tomatoes, and squashes. Their 
rancherias, even when high up in the mountains, ‘are almost invariably 
buried in coconut trees, and each has a group of palms with fan-like 
leaves from which rain coats are made. (Pl. XXVIII, fig. 2.) Cacao 
in smal] quantity, but of fine quality, is usually found growing near their 
houses. 7 
All the Tingians roll their own cigars and make basi from sugar-cane 
juice for use at their feasts and in ceremonials attendant upon the 
sealing of friendship. The women grind rice between pairs of scsi 
shaped stones. (PI. LI, fig. 2.) 
The Tingian women of Abra, Ilokos, and Union spin, dye, and weave 
cotton, making narrow strips of cloth of excellent quality which ani) 
afterwards fashion into garments for themselves. (Pl. XLIV, figs. 1, 
2, and 3; Pl. XLV, figs. 1, 2, and 3.) Most of the cloth used by the 
Tingians of Apayao is dbvichaly imported. However, some cloth, evi- 
dently made by the women of that region, was seen by me. 
Both the civilized and uncivilized branches of the tribe produce very 
good basket-work. Their houses are well furnished with pottery. Some 
pieces, decorated with dragons in relief and showing signs of being 
very old, are probably of Chinese origin. They themselves, however, 
make good pottery, ornamenting some of it with raised figures. 
Many of the Tingians are quite skillful in working steel and iron, and 
the head-axes used by the warlike Kalingas are largely made by their 
more pacific neighbors of Balbalasan. (PJ. XLII, fig. 2.) The Tin- 
gians of Apayao make their own steel and iron weapons (Pl. XLII, 
fig. 1) and probably also brass pipes, which are not uncommon among 
them. 
Apart from the house ornaments above referred to, neither the civilized 
nor uncivilized Tingians seem to do much wood carving and neither 
branch of the tribe does any mining. 
The civilized Tingians of Abra and Tlokos are the gentlest and most 
pacific of people. Nearly all of them are entirely unarmed, although 
most of the settlements can, on a pinch, produce a few rusty head-axes and 
lances and an old shield or two. The people of the settlements over the 
