857 
Bontoc border are, as a result of dire necessity, more warlike. They 
are forced to keep themselves armed and ready to repel Kalinga or Bontoc 
Igorot raids. They therefore carry head-axes, lances, and shields. (Pl. XI, 
fig. 3.) Their shields and lances are similar to those used by the Bontoc 
Igorots (Pl. LXI, figs. 1, e and 2,.e; Pl. LX, figs. 2, n and 0) and their 
head-axes to those used by the Kalingas. (Pl. LX, fig. 1, e.) _ 
The more civilized Tingians of Abra, Ilkoos, and Union have not taken 
heads for many years. However, those of Guinaan, Balatoc, and Balba- 
lasan have, until quite recently, been head-hunters, and those of Apayao 
are still devoted to this form of sport. The latter section of the tribe 
uses lances with long, slender blades (PI. LX, fig. 2, n), head-axes of 
peculiar form (PI. LX, fig. 1, f; Pl. LI, fig. 4), and shields each of 
which consists of a rectangular board with a spine of wood projecting 
from the center of each end. The body of the shield is black, and 
on this are painted ornamental geometric designs in red and yellow. 
(PI. LXI, figs. 1, f and 2, f.) 
Scattered through the towns of the more civilized Tingians are to be 
found numerous miniature houses in which are put food and other offer- 
ings for the anitos or spirits, and beside the trails leading into the towns 
may often be seen pieces of bamboo with their lower ends sharpened and 
driven into the ground, and their upper ends split into a dozen slats, 
which are held apart by other bamboo slats, horizontally interwoven 
with them in such a way as to form small baskets. (Pl. LXVII, fig. 1.) 
In these are placed plates of boiled rice, chicken-livers, etc., as offerings 
to the spirits or anitos. 
The warlike Tingians of Apayao also exhibit in these baskets the heads 
of their victims; eight heads were so displayed at the rancheria of Nag- 
simbangan at the time of our visit to it. During my short stay in 
Apayao I was unable to gather any reliable information relative to the 
customs and ceremonies connected with the head-hunting of the men of 
that region. 
The musical instruments of the more civilized Tingians are the gansa, 
which is played with the hands (Pl. LVI, fig. 3), the bamboo mouth- 
organ (PI. LVIT, fig. 1), and the nose-flute of bamboo. The operator 
of the latter instrument plugs up one nostril with a mass of soft vegetable 
fiber, and blows the flute with the other (Pl. LVI, fig. 2); or he may 
press the flute against the nose in such a way as to close one nostril while 
he blows through the other. ; 
The Tingians of Apayao make musical instruments of bamboo which, 
for the lack of a better name, may be called “ jew’s-harps.” A single 
joint of cafia bojo is taken, one end is cut off, and more than half of one 
side cut away so as to leave a projecting tongue. Near the septum at the 
end of the joint a round hole is pierced, over which the thumb of the 
_. operator may be placed. The projecting tongue is then struck upon the 
head of a battle-axe and the musical tone produced by the resulting 
