858 
vibration can be varied by thumbing the hole pierced near the septum. 
The men often play these instruments when on the march. 
The dances of the civilized Tingians take place inside a typical canao 
circle and are usually participated in by one man and one woman, 
although if the man is an especially noted dancer, two or more women 
may honor him by entering the circle and showing off their fancy steps. 
Both men and women dance with handkerchiefs or larger pieces of 
cloth stretched between their hands. (Pl. LVIII, fig. 1.) The dance 
music is furnished by gansas alone and is of a decidedly lively char- 
acter, as are the dances themselves. The participants often evidently 
try to dance each other down, and the exercise involved is so vigorous 
that one or another of them is sure soon to give out. When a dancer 
has had enough, he or she indicates the fact by giving a sharp snap to 
the piece of cloth held in the hands and then immediately retires. Ifa 
man is danced down by a woman, he is jeered by the crowd. Basi circu- 
lates freely during the dancing. In fact, the Tingians will not attempt 
to give a dance unless basi is to be had in abundance. The dancers 
often add to their performances by composing extemporaneous songs 
dealing with important current events, and they are frequently answered 
in song by some of the spectators. 
I was unfortunate in failing to see dances among the Tingians of 
Apayao, but was told that they were similar to those of the people of 
Abra. However, I did see gansas and nose flutes among them, and was 
surprised to run across a long, wooden drum similar in shape to those 
used by the Benguet-Lepanto Igorots. 
The civilized Tingians are polygamous. ‘The headmen may have two or 
three wives, but this privilege seems to be quite strictly confined to them. 
The men not infrequently keep queridas, but very secretly, for if the 
facts became known, their wives may secure divorce from them and 
compel them to pay heavy fines into the bargain. 
Betrothals are arranged by parents between very young children. In 
fact, in some instances, they are arranged prior to the birth of a child, 
of course with the proper proviso as to its proving to be of the right 
sex. The marriage ceremony among the T'ingians of Abra is interesting. 
After the preliminaries have been arranged between the families of the 
bride and bridegroom the family of the bride invites that of the bride- 
groom to come for her on a certain fixed date. The latter arm them- 
selves with bolos on the.evening of the day before the one set and at 
midnight feign an attack upon the house of the bride. The bridegroom 
is the only person to enter the house. He leads the bride out by the 
hand, releasing her at the bottom of the stairway. She accompanies him 
to his house. On the next day her family follows her and a feast begins 
which usually lasts for about four days, at the end of which time the 
relatives of the bridegroom kill animals and distribute the flesh liberally 
to the guests in order that, in their desire to carry it home, they may go 
