860 
- Anniversaries of the deaths of adult persons are celebrated annually, by 
feasts held in and about the balauas. 
The civilized Tingians know their own ages, differing in this respect 
from the people of any other non-Christian tribe of northern Luzon. 
In reckoning time they have weeks of seven days each, and months of 
which there are eleven to the year. Their year begins during our month 
of January, when the moon is a quarter full. | 
The Tingians of Abra have advanced further in civilization than have: 
the members of any other non-Christian tribe of the Philippines. They 
are a most attractive people, cleanly in their personal habits, and of excel- 
lent disposition. They are peaceable and law abiding to an astonishing 
degree. Crime is almost unknown among them. ‘Their towns are well 
built and well kept. Their fields are often better tilled than are those 
of their Ilokano neighbors. 'They save their money and some of them 
become quite wealthy. They are anxious to receive the benefits of 
civilization now that they may have them without being compelled to 
change their religious belief, and there is hardly a rancheria in Abra 
which does not have one or more schoolmasters, paid by local revenues 
or by voluntary contributions. Considerable numbers of Tingian chil- 
dren attend the public schools in the Christian municipalities in spite of 
the hostility which exists between their people and the Ilokanos. 
The rancherias of Abra and of North and South Ilokos have been 
given independent governments of their own, which have progressed very 
satisfactorily. The Zingian is a born politician and thoroughly ap- 
preciates being allowed to run his own local affairs, 
While there have long been bloody feuds between the Z'ingians of 
Apayao and their civilized neighbors, the fault is by no means all with 
the wild people, and when order is once established throughout their 
territory there is no reason why they should not advance rapidly in 
civilization and in material prosperity, for they too are cleanly, intel- 
ligent, and industrious. ‘The degree of civilization to which they have 
already attained is surprising when one remembers that they have been 
almost completely shut off from the outside world from the date of the 
discovery of the Philippines up to the present time. 
A careful study of this section of the tribe would doubtless be well 
repaid and would throw much light on the early history of the Tingians 
of Abra and Iokos, from whom the Apayao people are, according to their 
own traditions, descended. 
THE ISINAYS, GADDANES, AND REMONTADOS., 
The inhabitants of southern Nueva Vizcaya, at the time when the 
Spaniards first entered the territory now embraced in that province, were 
called Isinays (Isnays, Isinac, Isinayas). Nearly all of them were sub- 
sequently converted to Christianity, but on the eastern slopes of the 
mountains which separate southern Nueva Vizcaya from Benguet and 
