ae eee, oe ee he ST ee) ae 
ee eee ee, 
LE Ee LE ee ee ee eee a. oe 
os eg Ce et “st. a. See ey | ow wn ‘a eee Sa eS * a 
1050 
deeper valley. The country rock underlying the highlands is limestone, 
abounding in sinks and cracks, so that meteoric waters do not gather so 
well into streams and hence do not become available for degradational 
work. On the other hand, the lower stream taps all or at least a large 
part of the underground water from the overlying formations, besides 
gathering the contributions from the higher stream itself. 
The photograph (Pl. V) shows the cafon-like appearance of the 
Mananga just below the point where the Bocanit enters, and also the 
men at work constructing the new Cebu-Toledo road and the difficult 
nature of this work. In the Philippines it is absolutely imperative that 
the roads should be built well above the highest water of these mountain 
streams and also high enough so that the rock on the upper slopes shall 
be reduced to a minimum. 
In referring to this phenomenon of hanging valleys Salisbury * has 
spoken of the two streams as being out of topographic adjustment. This 
lack of topographic adjustment always points to some disturbing in- 
-fluence, is due to many divers causes, and is exhibited in various forms. 
The hanging valley is nearly always an attendant phenomenon in glaciated 
mountainous regions. I do not find any other reasons for supposing that 
there has ever been any glaciation in Cebu, while I do believe the explana- 
tion which considers perfectly normal events to be sufficient in this case. 
The uplands do not support as large a population as one would suppose 
to be the case and in many portions, chiefly in the central ones, the natives 
live huddled in squalid barrios or reconcentration camps. Corn is the 
principal product, but even this crop is cultivated in a sporadic, half- 
hearted, and primitive way, nature being relied on to do the larger part 
of the work. Plate VI is a view of typical upland country in the region 
of the Compostela-Carmen coal fields. 
THE COVES (‘‘CUENCAS” OF ABELLA). 
The best land on the island of Cebu is to be found in the valleys of 
such streams as the Pandan, Jacupan, Carmen, ete. These meander 
through beautiful, broad, flat-bottomed valleys, which are very much like 
those of East Tennessee and North Carolina in the United States. They 
are generally flat bottomed, the level of the valley floor being usually not 
over 50 meters above the sea, they are often roughly circular in outline, 
and in nearly every case the stream which occupies the valley issues from 
it through a narrow, cafon-like cut in an igneous formation which acts 
as a barrier. A diagram, as follows, will probably convey a better idea 
of the relations pertaining in these valleys: 
* Salisbury, R. D., and Chamberlin, T. C.; Geology, New York (1904), 1, 154. 
