314 The Philippine Journal of Science 1922 
Furthermore, it is generally conceded that the people of the 
better and wealthy class, who naturally represent the portion 
of the population possessing higher culture and civilization, 
appear to have lower resistance to disease than the lower and 
poorer class, who are hardy and live close to nature. The 
families of the latter class are large; many families live under 
the same roof; however, due to the climate, they do not cling to 
the dwelling as do the better and wealthier class. Thus, a large 
number of persons in the family or dwelling among these people 
is only an apparent crowding and not a real one. 
None of the diseases except Asiatic cholera exhibits association 
with either real estate or taxes per capita. In cholera there 
seems to be a definite correlation with taxes, indicating that 
in the Philippine Islands the death rates from this disease are 
found highest in the provinces where the population pays rela- 
tively higher taxes. If the amount of taxes per capita in a 
province can be considered as a fair index of the wealth of 
the population, the conclusion that can be tentatively drawn from 
this coefficient is that the wealthier the people the more liable 
they are to infection from cholera. This seemingly puzzling 
phenomenon is precisely what would be expected if we were to 
consider the effects of civilization as referred to above. Ex- 
amination of the data reveals the fact that where death rates 
are highest, the provinces concerned possess a population of 
a higher culture than do those which present lower death rates. 
_ The results with the housing factors are likewise puzzling. 
If the coefficients are to be taken as a true measure of correlation 
between the death rates and the housing factors, at least as 
far as all causes, Asiatic cholera, dysentery, and pulmonary 
tuberculosis are concerned, higher rates are found in provinces 
where the families are smaller, and in the case of tuberculosis, 
also, where the average number of persons to a dwelling is 
lowest. Again, the effects of civilization are offered as a possible 
explanation of this phenomenon. It has been suggested above 
that civilization tends to make the families smaller; likewise, 
it is pointed out that morbidity increases with the advance of 
civilization. It may be, then, the combined effects of these 
factors that influence the correlation of death rates with the 
housing variables. It is to be remembered that the poorer 
and less-enlightened class is the one that possesses larger 
families and dwellings with a larger number of occupants. It 
must be remembered, too, that only numerical crowding exists, 
and that the dwellings are well ventilated. Then there is the 
