392 The Philippine Journal of Science 1921 
their manner of life, the Chinese inscriptions above their door- 
posts, and the type of citrus culture practiced by them. That 
there has been some interchange of citrus fruits between the 
two countries during past centuries is clearly evident, though 
this renowned Kao Pan pummelo is unquestionably of Nakorn 
Chaisri origin. The Chinese, through their advanced knowl- 
edge of cultural methods, have doubtless helped to develop and 
establish the strains that are to-day attracting the attention of 
the world. 
As is often the custom in Siam, much of the business, espe- 
cially in country districts, is managed by the women. One of 
these woman orchardists stated that this particular fruit had 
been known in Nakorn Chaisri for only two or three generations. 
Her mother had claimed that not more than one hundred years 
ago only a few trees grew on their side of Tachin River. This 
woman’s family had grown the fruit for about fifty years and, | 
about twenty years ago, had cleared the nipa swamp where their 
present grove is located. 
As a distinct variety, the Kao Pan may therefore be of com- 
paratively recent times. Other varieties grown in different 
districts, especially one known as the Koon Non, approximate 
the Kao Pan in general characteristics, but are not so seedless 
or of so fine a quality and flavor as is this delicious variety de- 
veloped under the ideal conditions for citrus culture found in 
Nakorn Chaisri. 
LOCATION AND GENERAL PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF THE COUNTRY 
The Kao Pan pummelo is grown and produced in its best 
seedless and most excellently flavored form only in Ban Mai, 
Sarm Prarm, Nakorn Chaisri. The Ban Mai section is reported 
to have the best orchards in Nakorn Chaisri, and it is also stated 
that the plantations are most noted, being the ones to which 
the king and the queen mother send for their choice fruits. 
The section is on Tachin River, 30 to 40: kilometers from the 
mouth, as is shown in fig. 1. It is located southwest of Bangkok 
and can be reached by traveling on a train from Bangkok to 
the town of Tachin, a distance of between 40 and 50 kilometers, 
and then by launch up the river for about 30 kilometers. The 
region can also be reached by boat, passing through the Pasi 
Cherern Canal from Bangkok to Tachin River and then up the 
river for about 12 kilometers. 
