696 The Philippine Journal of Science 1921 
Elongation of the renal vessels under such accidental condi- 
tions as jars, jolts, etc., caused by jumping, falling, coughing, 
tight lacing, etc., which tend to lengthen those vessels as well 
as to stretch the peritoneum. 
Changes due to different postures assumed by the body and 
to respiratory movements. ; 
In my determination of the renal position, I have used as 
points of reference the vertebral column for the horizontal 
planes of the renal poles and the mid-dorsal line of the body in 
relation to the vertical planes of the medial and lateral borders. 
I have not considered relations to any great extent because of 
the fact that the material in the hands of the students did not 
offer reliable fixed relations and, moreover, the relatively long 
period of time elapsing between death and embalmment made 
difficult a study of this part of the subject. i 
I deplore that more points of reference such as the iliac crest, 
ribs, umbilicus, etc., are not considered in this paper. To have 
considered these would have necessitated delays in the dissection 
work, which could not very well be afforded. 
I was able to collect data relative to the levels of the renal poles 
in thirty-four cases, eighteen males and sixteen females. 
In general I found the relative levels of the kidneys as follows: 
Cases. | Per cent. 
Hight Mdney lower thandeft.00G. 2 A 27 79.4 
Right kidney higher than left. scecccssinc cl cas dd ene n eb ce mene ee onkin- 4 11.7 
Richt and left kidneys at level.....-..-.-.-..-. ..--..--.------~---=-----=--=- 8 8.8 
My detailed findings are recorded in Table 1 and illustrated 
by fig. 1, the latter adapted from Rauber-Kopsch, (4) from which 
we deduced the following: 
UPPER POLES OF THE KIDNEYS 
The upper right pole in males occupied a level varying from 
the upper third of the second lumbar vertebra to the middle 
of the eleventh dorsal, while that of the female was found from 
the disk between the first and second lumbar vertebre to the 
disk between the eleventh and twelfth dorsal. 
In the left side in males the kidney varied in level from the 
disk between the first and second lumbar vertebre and the 
upper third of the eleventh dorsal, and in females it was found 
between the middle of the first lumbar vertebra and the lower 
third of the eleventh thoracic. 
