THE FLORA OF MOUNT PULOG. 297 
Wendlandia glabrata DC., and Deutzia pulchra Vid. Numerous species 
of herbaceous plants, ferns, etc., are also to be found in these ravines. 
On the open slopes under the pine trees the ground cover is character- 
istically composed of grasses, the most prominent ones being Themeda 
triandra Forsk., Miscanthus sinensis Andr., Rottboellia ophiuroides 
Benth., and various species of Andropogon (prominent in the fall 
months). Next in abundance to the grasses is the common brake, 
~Pteridium aquilinum Kuhn, while among other herbaceous plants, species 
belonging to the Compositae and Labiatae are most abundant. Small. 
shrubs associated with the pines are Rubus fraxinifolius Poir., R. elmert 
Focke, R. ellipticus Sm., Rosa multiflora Thunb., Viburnum luzoniceum 
Rolfe, and Glochidion luzonense Elm. 
Most of the above-mentioned plants have a considerable altitudinal 
range, but other characteristic ones are to be noted at various altitudes. 
For a short distance above and below 1,300-m, the pitcher plant, Nepenthes 
alata Blanco is common; at an altitude of about 1,600 m, the first tree- 
ferns, Cyathea contaminans Copel., are noted, as well as a thistle, Cirsium 
luzomiense Merr. Prominent among the herbaceous plants in various 
parts of this area are the ferns Balantium copelandii Christ, Dryopteris 
beddomei O. Ktze., D. setigera O. Ktze., Odontosoria chinensis J. Sm., 
Drynaria rigida Bedd., and such flowering plants as Dianella ensifolia 
Red., Lilium philippinense Bak., Aletris spicata Franch., Polygonum 
chinense L., Anemone vitifolia Ham., Kalanchoe spathulata DC., Des- 
modium sinuatum Bl., Osbeckia chinensis L., Epilobium philippinense 
C. B. Rob., Buddleia asiatica Lour., Leucas mollissima Wall., Plectranthus 
diffusus Merr., Calamintha umbrosa Benth., Sopubia trifida Ham., 
Elephantopus mollis H. B. K., Ageralum conyzoides L., Solidago vir- 
gaurea Li, Aster trinervius Roxb., Anaphalis adnata DC., A. contorta 
Hook. f., Gnaphalium hypoleucum DC., G. japonicum Thunb., Spilanthes 
grandiflora Turcz., Emilia pinnatifida Merr., and Lactuca dentata C. B. 
Rob. The pine trees bear numerous specimens of various parasitic 
Loranthaceae of the genera Loranthus and Viscum. 
On the open slopes the dividing line between the pine region and the 
mossy forest is comparatively sharply defined, but in the ravines a number 
of characteristic constituent species of the latter formation extend down- 
ward for a greater or less distance; on the other hand, very few species 
characteristic of the pine region extend into the mossy forest, and those 
that are found there are apparently mostly casuals. 
Ill. THE MOSSY FOREST. 
On practically all the higher peaks and ridges in the Benguet-Lepanto 
region that reach an altitude of 2,000 m and above, is found a char- 
acteristic formation that is generally called the mossy forest. Considered 
as a whole this forest is made up of a dense stand of small, irregularly 
shaped trees, comprising numerous species, the ground, and trunks and 
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