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400 The Philippine Journal of Science 1914 
be called the Northeast Cape, is vegetated, mostly with rather 
dense vegetation, the densest at present on the island. The 
divide between the former towns, Pirapiraso and Bignay, is 
covered with two grasses, Imperata cylindrica koenigii and 
Saccharum spontaneum. This grass vegetation continues up the 
crests of ridges to the peaks. The valleys or gullies and the 
steeper slopes in general are more likely to be vegetated with 
parang with the tree species quite well developed. A few of the 
commoner species are: Trema amboinensis, Pithecolobium 
dulce, Bridelia stipularis, Cordia myxa, Casearia cinerea, Acacia 
farnesiana, Macaranga tanarius, Wrightia laniti, Tabernae- 
montana subglobosa, Callicarpa blancoi, Ficus hauili, Mallotus ° 
moluccanus, Melicope triphylla, Allaeanthus luzonicus, Moringa 
oleifera, Litsea glutinosa, Alstonia scholaris, Ficus ulmifolia, 
and Streblus asper among the shrubs and trees; Dioscorea luzon- 
ensis, Dioscorea bulbifera, Streptocaulon baumii, Momordica 
ovata, Lygodium japonicum, Abrus precatorius, Tournefortia 
sarmentosa, Rourea erecta, and Celastrus paniculata among the 
vines ; and a few herbaceous weeds, such as Synedrella nodiflora, 
Erigeron linifolius, Triumfetta bartramia, Ageratum conyzoides, 
and Ricinus communis. In some of the ravines on the west, 
but particularly on the east, sides of Mounts Pirapiraso and 
Bignay clumps of bamboo, Bambusa blumeana, were present in 
October, 1913, but became much more abundant by April, 1914. 
Successions are going on rapidly and the grass is as rapidly 
being driven from the crests of the ridges by the invading parang 
and trees. The northeast slopes are steep, but are well wooded, 
having the highest genetic development found on the island. 
At the shore the ridges terminate in bluffs. With the sinking 
of the shore during the eruption many trees became partially 
submerged. Their tops had been torn away by the force of 
the eruption and the jagged stumps have been the germinating 
ground of several bird-distributed seeds of both Ficus indica 
and Macaranga tanarius. The flats between the bluffs are 
largely Phragmites-swamps, now badly overgrown with vines 
and rapidly giving way to woody plants. A hemiparasite, Cas- 
sytha filiformis, in some places along the shore completely loads 
down the Phragmites. Below in the shade its stems are green, 
but in the sunlight they are a typical Cuscuta-yellow. 
The northern slope of Mount Ragatan is very largely parang 
with a large admixture of grass. The region back of the bay 
has a strand flora, quite diversified in species, including Ipomoea 
pes-caprae, Canavalia ensiformis, Canavalia lineata, Vigna lutea, 
