» 
a. al 
XIV,2 Banks: Bloodsucking Insects of the Philippines 173 
and three-segmented antenne; Pediculus, according to Giebel,® 
having the apical segment composed of three ankylosed segments. 
The average monkey kept as a pet in the Philippines is rarely 
infested with this parasite. It is only when large numbers of 
the animals are confined together and when new wild ones are 
added from time to time that the colony becomes lousy. The 
habit of apparent depediculizing, often seen in individual mon- 
keys, is therefore more reflex or instinctive than remedial. 
FOREST FLIES 
Another group of apparently obligatory bloodsucking para- 
sites is composed of the so-called forest flies. These insects, 
belonging to the family Hippoboscide, of the Diptera, are ex- 
tremely anomalous in their appearance. They are flat, leathery, 
louselike insects, with peculiarly shaped wings or none, and 
with tarsal claws well adapted to holding on to the wool, the 
hair, or the feathers of the mammals or the birds that they 
infest. The winged forms fly readily from one host to another, 
and it is stated that when a suitable host is found the flies, 
both male and female, dealate themselves,” presumably for 
greater convenience of motion through the pelage or plumage 
of the host. 
Little is known of their life history, but it has been shown 
that the females of many species retain the single larva in the 
oviduct until it is fully grown and ready to transform to a pupa, 
when they deposit it.° At least five species are recorded from 
the Philippines, and there are some undescribed species in the 
Government collection. 
BAT FLIES 
Closely related to the forest flies, at least in general habits, 
are the bat flies, even more anomalous in their form than the 
Hippoboscide. There is no vestige of wings, the head is borne 
reflexed upon the dorsum of the thorax, and the long spiny legs 
and the body armature of spines, sete, and hairs enable the 
insects to cling with great tenacity to the smooth hair of bats. 
Their life history is very similar to that of the forest flies ac- 
cording to Osten Sacken.*t That they are obligatory parasites, 
*Insecta Epizoa (1874), 32. 
° Trans. Ent. Soc. London (1881), 360. 
*Leuckart, Abh. Ges. Halle (1858), 4, 145; Pratt, Arch. Naturges. 
(1898), 59 (1) 151. 
4 Leuckart, Abh. Ges. Halle (1858), 4, 145. 
