4 
174 The Philippine Journal of Science 1919 
their form and habits amply prove. Some undescribed species 
-are in the Government collection. 
Next in importance to the obligatory parasites among blood- 
sucking insects comes that class, the species of which obtain 
the blood of vertebrates in the adult stage, and whose larve 
find nutriment in decomposing vegetable or animal matter or 
among the minute plants of the waters where they breed. Chief 
among these are the mosquitoes (Culicidze), the horseflies (Ta- 
banidze), the moth flies (Psychodide), the true flies (Muscide), 
the black flies (Simuliide) , the midges (Chironomide), and the 
fleas (Pulicidee), the last named breeding in dry rubbish in 
houses. 
MOSQUITOES 
Mosquitoes are so well known in the Philippines that much 
that might be said concerning their habits would be superfluous 
at this time; yet despite the wide distribution of these insects 
very few persons distinguish the many species as to place of 
breeding, time of appearance, manner of attack, and danger 
from their bite. 
Five subfamilies of Culicids ; namely, Anopheline, Megar- 
hininz, Culicine, Sabethinz, and Chaoborinz, are recognized by 
Bezzi ** as being found in the Philippines, and he gives thirty- 
three genera including one hundred nine species. The species 
most commonly encountered are Culex fatigans Wied., the night 
mosquito; C. microannulatus Theob. and C. ludlowi Blanch., the 
salt-water mosquitoes; Stegomyia persistans Banks, the common 
tiger mosquito; S. scutellaris Walk., the white-lined tiger mos- 
quito; Myzomyia rossi Giles, the common salt- and fresh-water 
malaria mosquito; and M. febrifera Banks," the fresh-water 
malaria mosquito, found in running streams in the provinces, 
particularly those south of Manila. The last species was de- 
scribed since Bezzi’s list was prepared. He does not include 
the grass-field mosquito, Skusea diurna Theob.,"* which is abun- 
dant in Manila and its vicinity. 
Other species, which at certain periods of the year may be 
veritable pests in the provinces, especially at Los Bafios, are 
Mansonioides uniformis Theob.; M. anmulifera Theob., the small 
woolly mosquito; Theobaldiomyia gelida Theob., the white-capped 
mosquito; and Hulecateomyia pseudotxzniata Giles, the rock 
* Philip. Journ. Sci., Sec. D (1913), 8, 306. 
* Philip. Journ. Sci., Sec. D (1914), 9, 405. 
“* Entomologist (1903), 36, 259. 
