387 
once for the ninth leaf, which is directly over the first, since the 
phyllotaxy is three-eighths. The eighth leaf is then the next one 
below, and the tenth the next one above, while the twelfth is 
directly above the space between the ninth and the tenth leaf. 
In certain seasons it is found that the leaves are not going to 
mature equally from insufficient rain or other reasons. In that 
case some men remove the lower leaves nearest the ground, 
which are apt to ripen too fast under such circumstances. Other 
planters prefer to leave the lower leaves on, believing that they 
Protect those above from dirt in case of splashing during rain. 
The more observant planters, however, know that the lower three 
leaves come beneath the spaces between the next three leaves, so 
that there is really no protection offered, as any one can see from 
the phyllotaxy, and so they cut the lower leaves off if the leaves are 
maturing too unequally. The planters have not studied the theo- 
retical phyllotaxy, but they understand its practical applications. 
«Renewed Growth of Trees in Summer after having already dnce 
Sormed their Terminal Scaly Winter Buds —Of course, scaly winter 
buds are designed by nature to protect the undeveloped tips of 
branches during the winter months. Moreover, the scales repre- 
sent leaves, and that in a crude, undeveloped form, in what is 
called at times an arrested state of development, as more than 
hecessary cases will readily demonstrate. And finally, hardly any 
one will deny that the presumption is in favor of a time when 
plants, and among them probably ligneous plants, did not possess 
any winter buds, but got along the best they could, freezing and 
hence dying back in colder climates, and more successfully 
bridging the non-growing season in more tropical regions. orne 
development of winter buds must have been a gradual one, and it 
must have taken some time before they began the development 
of terminal scaly buds early enough to have made the matter 
very effective, and still longer before these buds were developed 
With the greatest economy of material and the greatest efficiency 
48 protectors to the life within. At one time there must have 
been a very direct connection in time between the causes necessi- 
tating winter protection and the efforts of the plants to secure 
Such a protection. What it is desired to especially bring under 
Notice here is the fact that at present in ligneous plants this direct 
