400 Philippine Journal of Science 1920 
record of C. flavipennis for Mindanao was based on a specimen 
supposed to have been secured there by Platen, but the locality 
seemed impossible and for a long time the record was considered 
to be a mistake. However, the Bureau of Science has a spec- 
imen that was undoubtedly killed in Mindanao,” and it cannot 
be distinguished from Cebu specimens. 
There are many other interesting genera of birds to be found 
in the primary lowland forest, but there is no need to mention 
more of them here. The endemic Philippine land birds are 
enumerated in Table 2, and most of these are forest-inhabiting 
species. 
Where the altitude becomes too great for the dipterocarp, the 
molave, and the midmountain forest, there succeeds a mossy 
forest. In parts of Luzon and in western Mindoro there is a 
pine forest below the mossy forest. 
PINE TYPE OF FOREST 
The pine type is distinctly characterized by open stands of 
Pinus insularis Endlicher in north-central Luzon, of Pinus mer- 
kusii Junghuhn and De Vriese in Mindoro, and of both species in 
Zambales Province, Luzon. The pine type is found in a moun- 
tainous habitat at elevations of from 500 to 1,500 meters, with 
straggling specimens up to 2,700 meters. No other tree of 
importance is found in the pine type. 
MOSSY TYPE OF FOREST 
The summits and sides of many high and rough mountains are 
covered with a thick growth of more or less dwarfed trees, 
which are characteristically decorated with luxuriant growth 
of mosses, liverworts, foliaceous lichens, orchids, and ferns. 
The strong winds of these regions cause the stunted growth 
of the trees, while the high humidity favors the develop- 
ment of the fantastic epiphytic plant species that are charac- 
teristic of the mossy forest. Among the characteristic tree 
species of the mossy forest are Podocarpus imbricatus Blume, 
Drimys piperita Hooker f., Dacrydium elatum Wallich, and spe- 
cies of Vaccinium, Rhododendron, and Quercus. High-altitude 
species of Hurya, Symplocos, Eugenia, and many other genera 
that are also represented in the lowland forests are noteworthy. 
To the casual observer the most obvious botanic feature of 
the mossy forest is the great quantity of epiphytic lichens, 
mosses, liverworts, ferns, orchids, and epiphytic flowering plants 
of certain families, especially species of the Melastomatacee, 
“ Philip. Journ. Sci. § A 4 (1909) 74. 
