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merly recognized as pseudo-lichenes. They may be observed on 
nearly every tree trunk, on fences, rocks, pavements, etc.; in fact, 
anywhere where the lower forms of algae (especially Protococcus 
viridis) can exist. Examination of these algae will find them 
usually associated with fungal hyphae, sometimes forming ex- 
tended thin thallus-like layers. The structure formerly recognized 
as Lepra viridis is an excellent example. Though apothecia are 
never found, yet I am inclined to believe that in so-called Lepra 
we find the beginnings of a future lichen. At least there are 
many lichens which show an inferior structure as compared with 
Collema, and for that reason are ‘perhaps nearer the prototype. 
As an example we may mention Pyrenula. Verrucaria perhaps 
represents a degenerate type rather than a lower type of an as- 
cending series, as is indicated by.a rudimentary thalline structure 
associated with rudimentary or degenerate apothecia, spores and 
paraphyses. Whether a given lichen represents a low type of an 
ascending series or a degenerate higher form is in many cases dif- 
ficult to decide; also the question as to the relative phylogenetic 
ages of various lichen groups. There is perhaps little doubt that 
basidiolichenes have hada much’ shorter phylogenetic history than 
~ascolichenes. There are many problems in lichenology which 
must be left to the conscientious morphologists and physiologists 
to solve. In fact, we know so little of the life history of individual 
lichens that the time for final specific arrangement has not yet 
come. We, however, know sufficient of lichens as a whole to 
give them a proper position in the vegetable kingdom which is 
in reality the first step toward establishing a lichen system. 
Their proper position I have attempted to indicate in this paper. 
New Species of Fungi. 
By CuHas. H, Peck. 
LeEPIOTA FULVopIScA. Pileus thin, convex or nearly plane, ob- 
tuse or umbonate, viscid. when moist, white, with the disk or umbo 
fulvous or tawny-brown; lamellae narrow, close, free, white; stem 
slender, flexuous, viscid, hollow, white or whitish, the base abruptly 
bulbous, the annulus thin, membranous, pure white; spores ovate- 
elliptical, .0003 to .0004 in. long, .00016 to .0002 in. broad, usu- 
