BULLETIN 
TORREY BOTANICAL CLUB. 
Vol. 22. Lancaster, Pa., June 25, 1895. s No. 6. 
An Enumeration of the Lichens of Newfoundland and Labrador, 
By JouHn W. ECKFELDT. 
The purpose of this paper is to present as full a list of all 
authenticated lichens that are to be found in the much unex- 
plored regions of Newfoundland and Labrador, as has been af- 
forded during a number of years’ sojourn in these lands. The 
entire field of exploration has been the work of the untiring Rev. 
A. C. Waghorne, who has been located there through parochial 
work, and during such residence has endeavored to secure all such 
plants as it has been possible for him to obtain. The labor has 
been attended with many difficulties; the inconveniences for trav- 
eling, the character of the climate, and the ruggedness of the 
country have hindered and delayed him in his efforts. The gen- 
eral character of these plants may be regarded as sub-arctic; 
many, however, are strictly more boreal in distribution, while 
others are of more southern climes. The determination of these 
plants has been attended with some difficulty, owing to the great 
tendency to variation, depending in part on the nature of the cli- 
mate, and the character of the substratum. The entire work has 
been subject to my supervision, and a number of the more diffi- 
cult species, as well as some new types (particularly in the Leca- 
norei and Lecidacei), have been under the kind observation of Dr. 
F. Arnold, of Munich, and Dr. J. Hulting, of Norrkoping. A few 
species are regarded as new and these will be described. The list 
embraces a large number of types common to both hemispheres. 
