130 — 
shrinkage, as shown by the outlines of the fresh and dried leaf at ¢. 
The amount of loss in this instance was 44 percent. At d is 
shown in its two dimensions a hollyhock leaf, this being of the 
palmate type. This leaf was while fresh punctured in a manner 
previously described, and the inner line shows how nearly equal 
the shrinkage was upon all sides. In the center of the lower 
portion of the plate is the outline of a fresh leaf of the purslane 
(Portulacca oleracea),and within it the same when dried. This is a 
leaf with very little framework. 
A most striking example of shrinkage is seen in the outlines — 
for a catalpa leaf shown at f; however, this leaf was gathered 
before it had reached its full size; its loss was 45 percent. At g 
is shown a grape leaf, and one of an abutelon at /. 
The following table gives the per cent. of shrinkage of several 
kinds of leaves examined: 
ENDOGENS. EXOGENS. 
Pontederia, . . . 11 per cent. | Hollyhock,. . . . 21 per cent. 
Lily-of-the-Valley,:'14 “¢  “ | Maple... . 2,32 Sm 
Orchid, . . . ,.19 “4 | Smartweed,.. .., 23. # 
Panic grass, . . .27 “ « | Helianthus, ...27 “ “ 
Sg ae ae om “ “ 
Average, . Bete 6 per cent. Torsine: 35 2 
Pianta. oC ee 
Catalpa,, . - ,°. ae ae 
ee 
Average,. . . . 31 per cent 
The average for the two groups is almost exactly 25 per cemt, 
or in other words a loss by shrinkage in the drying of ag: of : 
one-fourth the original size. 
There are many reasons why types of plants should be seer 
by all monographers, but if types are so essential the writer, in i 
view of the above facts, would plead for a sight of the fresh plants, Ye 
whenever possible. It is fortunate that descriptions are made sa . 
large part from dried specimens, or else the measurements for 
leaves, if at all precise (as usually they are not), would be uniformly 
too small for the green foliage. . 
A study of the outlines thus obtained leads to the conclusion 
that the greater shrinkage is in those localities containing — 
fewest veins and ribs. It is possible that there is a law of shrit 
