359 
Prof. MacMillan also remarked on some unusual adaptations 
of conifers to wind-swept stations, stating that he had seen the 
white pine 40 feet high, with a small slender top and short 
branches, while at the base long branches had developed, lying 
prostrate on the rocks, having acquired a juniper-like habit; he 
had noticed that this habit was most frequently taken on when the 
main trunk was broken. Prof. Bessey recorded the same habit in 
Engelmann’s Spruce, and Dr. Copeland recalled the well-known 
case of the Monterey Cypress. 
Miss Florence Beckwith reported Ononis repens and Plantago 
aristata as additions to the flora of Monroe county, N. Y. 
Tuurspay, AuGUST 26TH. AFTERNOON. 
Officers for the next meeting were elected as follows: 
President, Prof. S. M. Tracy. 
Vice-President, Prof. L. R. Jones. 
Secretary, Prof. E. S. Burgess. 
Miss Edna Porter illustrated the pollination of Epipactis viridi- 
Jiora by a model, stating that she had found the visiting insect to 
be a wasp, agreeing with Darwin’s observations on the English 
Species, 
Dr. E. B. Copeland spoke on “ The Lowest Limit of Turgor.” 
Nearly all of the material causing the turgor of normal stems, 
leaves and roots is unavailable as food, so that starvation can re- 
duce the turgor but slightly. Thus it is seldom, if ever, possible 
to reduce this material by etiolation below the osmotic equivalent 
of 1.5% KNO,. Where food is stored in solution it is of course 
represented in the turgor, but even in such organs there is usually 
a considerable unused, presumably non-nutrient, residue until 
death. 
Dr. Emily L. Gregory presented the following “ Notes on the 
Classification of Lichens:” 
In many of the modern text-books of systematic botany the 
three groups, fungi, algae and lichens are reduced to two, the 
lichens being placed with the fungi. It is evident that this ar- 
rangement is based upon the notion that the lichen is composed 
of a fungus and alga living together in the characters of parasite 
and host. It is the fungus which determines the form and de- 
