502 
sandy beach-lines continuous on all sides—a testimony to the un- 
trammelled action of the waves—to solid masses of spruce and 
tamarack timber. The latter is displaced again by pines or hard- 
wood and is converted eventually into mixed wood or perhaps 
even into meadow. 
Typical muskeag with spruce and tamarack may clearly be 
taken as an intermediate physiognomic distribution of vegetation, 
linking the original open lake with the later glade or forest. A 
description of such an area may be given briefly and reference to 
the plates accompanying this paper will indicate clearly enough 
what relation the different plants bear to each other. 
The center of the muskeag is ordinarily softer and more yield- 
ing than the edges, although this is not true of older specimens of 
; ae 
Plain 
yh 
Mictiitapunen 
Siiiastinbsinsinn 
, Merenesmevents 
iene 
Wicenitiees 
} ena" 
Ween 
‘Witeniens 
| evn: 
) eormece 
hee 
aiaaar 
| ims 4 
Seon 
Ridges with Pinus divaricata. 
Zone of Larix laricina. 
Be Zone of Picea Mariana. 
Zone of Ledum and Eriophorum. 
Ee Central Sphagnum and Utricularia. 
the formation. In them, and in many of the small muskeags, the 
center is quite as firmly filled with soil as the circumference. To- 
wards the center of those younger muskeags, which will be com” 
sidered as typical, there is a preponderance of the sphagnum. : 
the very center is occupied by an open pool, this is usually covered 4 
age te 
