503 
with Utricularia, Lemna trisulca, or even pond-weedsand water-lilies. 
Farther from the center Ka/mia and Andromeda, with such orchids 
as Pogonia and Limodorum, various species of Carex and Enophorum, 
Sarracenia, Salix, Vaccinium, Schollera and kindred plants estab- 
lish themselves. Zeduim commonly affects drier and more periph- 
eral positions, and is often the most abundant heath when the 
sphagnum has disappeared, except from isolated patches among 
the tamaracks. Surrounding this group of plants, herbaceous and 
shrubby, many of them with the pronounced xerophytic charac- 
ters of sphagnum-moor inhabitants, are frequently spruces—either 
Picea Canadensis or Picea Mariana, but ordinarily the latter—tam- 
aracks (Larix /aricina) and sundry species of Safir, with Alnus 
mcana and dwarf Betulas. 
A very perfect series of muskeags, uninjured by fire or lum- 
bering Operations, occurs in the vicinity of Grand Rapids, Minn. 
I have been able through tne kindness of Mr. W. W. Pendergast, 
Director of the State Experimental Sub-Station at that point, to 
secure photographs of two of these moors, taken in such a way 
#s to bring out the zonal distribution of the tamaracks and spruces. 
The general ridge group of plants in this region may be described 
briefly as forests of Pinus divaricata—the “ Jack Pine” of the log- 
gers. It is this tree which occupies the ridge in the background © 
of Plate 279, to the left. Here and there in the valleys the mus- 
keags are situated, each surrounded and, as it were, marked off 
from the pines by a circle of tamaracks. In the particular mus- 
keag from which Plate 279 was taken the open area is almost 
elliptical in shape and contains about 1250 square rods. The ring 
of tamarack varies in width, but is estimated as about 75 yards 
across at the point shown. Where it faces the moor it is lined 
With black spruce. Small spruce trees are scattered out into the 
moor and a Sa/ix shrub is seen in the foreground. The spruces 
nearest the open part of the moor are both smaller and younger 
than those farther back, although it must be observed that the 
difference in age is somewhat less than is indicated by the differ- 
€nce in size. Those growing out in the colder water and lighter 
Peat soil are dwarfed in consequence. In this muskeag the princi- 
Pal accessory plants are Andromeda, Chamaedaphne, Kalmia and 
Ledum. boy 
