173 



shelter 



east, is Goaribari, but this 



going east, is lioariban, but this is not too Samarai we Teach that deep indentation of the coast 

 good in the south-east season, for in that bottle-neck 

 of a gulf the rollers in that monsocn make 44 fathoms 



line, Milne Bay; here several anchorages exist. From 



unsafe. The mouth of the Era 



the official depth 



River and Port Romily offer good anchorages, but of 

 the two the Era is deeper, 

 places to 1\ fathoms. It is, 



factory port, as it is served by a large number of water- 

 ways. The next anchoi'agei is behind Yule Island. 

 This is a capital Sound, and has the advantage of being 

 accurately charted. 



next shelter 



East Cape to Cape Vogel there are only two anchor- 

 ages — Chad's Bay at one end, Rawdon Bay at the 

 other. Jasi-Jasi is a good anchorage, and there are 

 Port Romily shallows in numerous anchorages in Collingwood Bay, if you know 

 however, the more satis- them; but it is a foul bay, and without sailing instruc- 



1S 



the 



It will take any sized ship. 

 Redscar anchorage ; this has 



The 



th 



r 



advantage, if the navigator knows it, of being a good 



anchorage, both in the north-west and south-east 

 monsoon. 



south-east, 



west season 



tions or previous experience it is not safe. 



At and around Cape Nelson occur wonderful fiords, 

 but they are too deep for anchoring. Anasari Harbour 

 and Porlok Harbour, particularly the latter, are good 



y, Ora and Buna 



anchorages. 



Like Collingwood Ba 



Vari/s 



Anchoring behind Vari Vari Island in the 

 and under R ad scar Head in 



hip good shelter. 



the north- 



Bay are foul; but if you know them good anchorages 



exist. Mambare Iiay is the last anchorage on the north 



coast line, and is a good clear shelter in the south- 

 east season, and moderate in the north-west weather. 



c 



products. 



, gives a 

 would make a 

 From Redscar 



good 



to 



depot for Galley Reach 

 Bona-Bona stretches 



The Vari A hard northerly blow would, however, drive you out. 



good shelter 

 the reef 



the 

 for 



occur. 



Barrier Reef, within which there is 



any ship, except where openings in 



Also 1 a number of excellent ports occur, of which Port 



Moresby, with its harbour improvements, comes first. 



Then Bootless Inlet. Then come a series of bavs 



which make good anchorages. Two fine ports, that will once be well buoyed. 



Compare the above shipping facilities with those of 



almost any part of the coast-line of Australia, and I 

 think it will be admitted that the advantages in favour 

 of Papua are great. In the case or those bays which 

 are foul, it is only a matter of beacons and buoys to 

 make them safe, and should any industry develop be- 

 hind such waters, the channels of navigation would at 



take ocean-going vessels, are Milport Harbour and Port 

 Glasgow. All the way to Samarai there is no shortage 

 of anchorages. Samarai itself offers a good anchorage. 

 This port, Moresby, Woodlark, Misima, and Daru are 

 the five official ports of entry into Papua. Passing 



» 



i 



There is no readily available information regarding 

 the harbours of the Mandated Territory. For medium- 

 sized steamers there are numerous good ports, while 

 quite a number exist capable of taking really large 

 ships. 



APPENDIX I. 



Description of Method Employed in the Fobest 

 Surveys, including the Collection 



saw-mill hole is estimated. Except in cases of trees 



including 

 Botanical Material. 



OF 



A general idea of the nature of the country, the 

 position of the various forests worth in vest ig at) Jig, 



having been obtained from natives who had previously 



that yield useful timbers but do not grow beyond 



in girth 



5 



feet, only trees 

 measured. 



6 feet and over 



were 

 The measurement of girth was made at 

 breast height of those trees which have neither but- 

 tresses nor root swellings, and immediately above in the 

 case of those which have sueh protuberances. 



The 



,. -, . ,i j 4* i i , , j it j* j, • i bcle was taken as the length from the point of girth 



lived in them and others who had traversed the district, ^ , > , t , . & . - ., ■ b 



I selected areas for close investigation. A preliminary 

 inspection to get the topography, the natural divisions 

 of forest types and general view of the work, is first 

 made. This enables one to lay out the direction of the 

 traverses that must be opened, so that they may in- 

 clude all the types of forest within the area. Every- 

 thing is now ready for the survey of the forest. A 

 certain traverse, say at right angles to the course of 

 the river, having been selected, it is opened — a narrow 

 path being cut sufficiently wide to enable chaining to 

 be carried out. Its direction is kept on the bearing 

 already selected by means of a prismatic compass. 

 Readings are taken at intervals of 15 chains, when 

 the direction is corrected if necessary, and between 

 these points the line is merely " boned." Numbered 

 sticks are put in every five chains. With one intelli- 

 gent boss boy, who can write figures and take charge 

 of the boys, this work of traverse cutting can be done 

 by raw natives. It is advisable to have a prismatic 

 with a dial on which the course can be set out by 

 means of a mark; this makes large errors impossible 

 and makes it easier for the native to pick up his figure 

 through the prism quickly. Also I found it best to 

 label the sticks consecutively, rather than 5, 10, 15 

 chains, etc. The gang required is three boys cutting, 

 two boys chaining, one boy chosen for his climbing 

 capacity, two carrying herbarium box, specimens, etc. ; 

 a boss boy takes charge of the traverse cutting and 

 chaining, while I follow with the herbarium boys and 

 climber. 



measurement to the springing of the crown. 



Thus, strip by strip, the whole forest is criss-crossed, 



and an estimate is arrived at of the following informa- 

 tion: — 



1. Total number of trees of each species. 



2. Total cubic contents of each species. 



3. Cubic contents of each species per acre. 



4. Cubic contents of the average tree of each 



species. 



5. The cubic contents of each species, expressed 



as a percentage of the total cubic contend 

 of the forest. 



6. The number of trees of each species expressed 



as a percentage of the total number of trees 

 in the forest 



7. The number of acres to one tree of a certain 



species. (This looks unusual, but is a neces- 

 sary inversion, for in the mixed forests of 

 Papua, the cases are rare where you can 

 find several trees of one species on one 

 acre). 



It would have been most interesting to obtain 

 a full census of three stories and so their relation with 



each other, but the time available was so little that 



so comprehensive an undertaking was not possible. ftly 

 attention was, for the most part, devoted to the top 

 story, though wherever even third-story trees, or soil 

 covering plants were found in flower, botanical mate- 

 rial was collected. 



The botanical work in so mixed a forest is of first 



The traverse is regarded as the centre of a strip of importance. The trees are all so alike outwardly, their 

 forest 2 chains wide, and all the trees within a chain " •-...- 



of this cut line which come within the category of 

 mill logs are measured in girth, and the length of 



flowers are so hard to get, that no opportunity must 

 be lost in obtaining all material possible. To that end, 

 as every fresh species is encountered 



— , an axe cut is 



