xii INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. 
' Stamens are 
triadelphous, pentadelphous, polyadelphous, when so united into 3, §, or several 
clusters. ' 
syngenesious, when united by their anthers in a ring round the pistil, the fila- 
ments usually remaining free ; as in the Composite. 
didynamous, when (as in a bilabiate flower) there are four stamens in two 
pairs, those of one pair longer than those of the other. 
tetradynamous, when (in Crucifere) there are six, four of them longer than 
the others. 
. 96. An Anther is, : 
‘ adnate, when continuous with the filament, the anther-cells appearing to lie 
their whole length along the upper part of the filament. 
versatile, when attached near their middle to the extreme point of the fila- 
ment, so as to swing loosely. . 
innate, when firmly attached by their base to the apex of the filament. This 
is a modification of adnate. : 
97. Anther-cells may be parallel ; or diverging at a less or a greater angle; or 
divaricate, when placed end to end, so as to form a nearly straight line. The end of G 
each anther-cell placed nearest to the other cell is generally called its apex or sum- — 
mit, and the other end its base ; but by some authors the sense of these terms 18 — 
reversed. : 
98, Anthers have often on their connective, or on their cells, appendages termed 
bristles (sete), ee points, glands, &c.: according to their appearance. (See 
99. Anthers have occasionally only one cell ; this may take place either by the 
disappearance of the between two very closely-placed cells, which thus 
become confluent ; or by the abortion or total deficiency of one cell, when the anther 
is said to be dimidiate or halved. 
100. Anthers at maturity will open or dehisce, to let out the pollen, either by valves, 
pores, or slits. The dehiscence is said to be introrse when the slit or opening faces the 
istil; extrorse, when the opening is towards the circumference of the flower. 4 
101. Very peculiar structures of the anther and pollen will be described under the — 
orders Asclepiadee and Orchidee. = 
§ 11. The Pistil. 
102. The pistil or female system always occupies the centre of the flower and ter- 
minates the growing axis. It consists of one or more carpels, containing the germs — 
of one or more seeds. The pistil is usually sessile ; if stalked, its stalk is called a 
podocarp (but this must not be confounded with the gynobasis or gynophore (127). 
103. A complete pistil consists of three parts :— 
1, the ovary or enlarged base, which includes a cavity or cell (loculus), con- — 
st Bo or more ovules (117) which are the earliest condition of the — 
uture 8. : 
