INTRODUCTION TO BOTANY. xy: 
—o which do not look like petals, stamens, or carpels. The term nectary is nearly 
obsolete. 
124, When the disc bears the petals and stamens on its rim it is frequently adhe- 
rent to and confluent with the tube of the calyx ; or it is adherent to the outside of 
the ovary ; or adherent both to calyx tube and ovary. Hence arise the three fol- 
lowing important distinctions in the relative insertion of the floral whorls. 
Petals and stamens, or, as in common language, flowers, are 
hypogynous (i.e., under the ovary), when they or the disc that bears them are 
entirely free or separate from both calyx and ovary.” The ovary in this 
case is said to be free or superior ; the calyx free or inferior ; the petals 
as being inserted on the receptacle. 
perigynous (t.e., round about the o , when the disc bearing the petals is 
quite free from the ovary, oak in or less combined with the calyx 
tube. The ovary is then still described as free or superior, even though 
the combined disc and calyx tube may form a deep cup with the ovary 
lying in the bottom ; the calyx is said to be free or inferior ; the petals 
meneh (Coon See vagy elon Aas the bined 
epigynous (%.€., ovary), when the di: i is combi 
cil with the bas GF the Calyx ibskhel the outs ot Sea) precoder ommerene 
closing over the ovary so as only to leave a passage for the style, or 
leaving more or less of the top of the ovary free, but always adhering to 
it above the level of the insertion of the lowest ovule (except’ in a few 
cases when the ovules are suspended from the apex of the cell). In epi- 
gynous flowers the ovary is described as adherent or inferior ; the calyx 
as adherent or superior ; the petals as inserted on or above the ovary. 
125. When there are no petals, the insertion of the stamens determines the dif- 
ference between hypogynous, perigynous, and epigynous flowers. 
126. ne both oes el stamens are present, pe i 
in hypogynous flowers the petals and stamens are usually separate, but some- 
times they are confluent at base. In that case, if the 3 are distinct 
from each other, and the stamens are monadelphous, the petals are often 
said to be inserted on, or combined with the staminal tube ; if the corolla 
is gamopetalous and the stamens distinct from each other, the latter are 
said to be inserted on the tube of the corolla. 
in perigynous flowers the stamens are usually inserted immediately within the 
petals, or alternating with them on the edge of the disc, or even on the 
unenlarged part of the receptacle. sofas. 
in epigynous flowers, when the petals are distinct, the stamens are usually in- 
serted as in perigynous flowers ; when the corolla is gamopetalous, the 
stamens are often combined at the base with = aed of the corolla, or, 
as it is more frequently expressed, inserted on lennpt nr ee — 
127. When the ena is So elongated below the ovary it is often called 
a gynobasis, gynophore, or stalk of the ovary. Bee Soe is 
128. An epigynous-disc is a name given either to the thickened summit of the 
ovary in epigynous flowers, or very rarely to a real disc or e _ 
tacle closing over the ovary. _ eo 
129. In the relative positi 
to be adherent to the other, but the latter term is often used to e 
a closer union than mere cohzrence. [Some authors restrict cohesion to 
the connation or confluence of of the same whorl ; and adhesion 
to the connation or confluence of parts of different whorls.] : 
‘connate, when so closely united that they cannot be separated without lacera- 
tion. Each of the two connate parts, and especially that one which is 
considered the smaller or of the least importance, is said to be adnate to 
when neither coherent nor connate. a Dee 
Han Bi is also used in the same sense, but is likewise applied to parts dis- 
~ tinetly visible, or distinctly limited, ~ 
