DR. O. STAPF ON THE FLORA OF MOUNT KINABALU. 73 
base. Rocky irregular spurs and hollows covered with old jungle formed the heads of 
the Penokok and Dahombang, and descended to an altitude of about 3000 ft., where 
these rivers entered cultivated land, and running westward, separated only by a strip of 
land, do not join till they reach the entrance of the narrow valley, into which the 
Kinitaki from the north and the Kadamaian from the south also flow, and which is the 
commencement of the Tampassuk. The Haiahaia is a tributary of the Penokok, which 
joins it just as it enters the cultivated area; both seem to drain from the great southern 
spur of Kinabalu and its western offshoot, on which the village of Kiau stands. The 
Dahombang is larger than the Penokok, and seems to drain from a part of the very base 
of the great precipices. Looking across this comparatively broad Penokok-Dahombang 
valley, we saw it bounded on the other side by a steep ridge somewhat higher than the 
one we were on and covered by old jungle. Beyond this was the Kinitaki, a still larger 
river, draining the greater part of the huge precipices, and running parallel to the 
Dahombang towards Mt. Saduk Saduk till turned southwards by it, and entering the 
Dahombang a little below its junction with the Penokok. Beyond the Kinitaki must 
be a watershed joining Mt. Saduk Saduk with the Maripari spur of Kinabalu, and 
beyond this must be the rivers mentioned by the Dusuns: Lambun, Pengataran *, Liban, 
and Wariu, entering the Tampassuk in its lower course. The Kadamaian comes from 
the very top of Kinabalu. Its head at Low's Gully runs down the southern slopes of 
Kinabalu, passing between the heads of the Kinitaki, Dahombang, and the Penokok 
on the west side, and a branch of the Sugut on the east side, then curving westwards it 
passes south of Kiau, then north-west till it joins the Dahombang just below that river's 
junction with the Kinitaki, thus forming the commencement of the Tampassuk in a 
narrow valley on the south-west side of Mt. Saduk Saduk. In Mr. St. John's map 
Kalupis is used for what the Kiau men told us was called Kadamaian. On being asked 
they said Kalupis was a small branch of the Kadamaian. 
* Next morning we were up at 4.30 a.m. in hopes of starting early, but it was midday 
before we were off. The Dusuns had other matters on hand, and they took us only half 
a mile to a kladi-field t in the valley below. 
« Next morning, the 19th, Dusuns came from the village to carry our things, and we 
started up stream. On our left was the granite peak of Kinabalu, just overtopping 
the Kiau ridge, and in front was a narrow valley of old jungle, headed by a ridge some 
6000 ft. in height, being the long southern spur of Kinabalu, and along this ridge lay 
our way to the mountain-top. We soon left the kladi-fields, and taking to the river-bed 
at an altitude of 2600 ft. we passed into the jungled valley, whose sides were at first 
quite precipitous. We had much clambering over huge slippery boulders, till by 
midday we reached an altitude of 3200 ft. The northern side of the valley was still 
inaccessibly steep, but the southern was no longer so, and on starting again we gradually 
ascended this, still keeping on our eastward course. We now caught sight of a 
magnificent cascade, the Kadamaian waters entering the valley by pouring over the 
ridge in front. The stream seemed scarcely to have cut into the rock at all, and for the 
first 1500 ft. was nearly perpendicular. At 2 P.M. we came to a great overhanging rock. 
* Mentioned as “ Pantaran " by Whitehead. + Caladium esculentum. 
