76 DR. O. STAPF ON THE FLORA OF MOUNT KINABALU. 
was 194707 F. The altitude of the Pakapaka cave must therefore be 2700 ft. above 
Temburungo, or 10,450 ft. above the sea. 
* On the 10th at 3.30 p.m. the temperature at Temburungo was 15°-7 O., the aneroid 
22:90 inches, the boiling-point by one thermometer 92^8 C., by another 198^7 F. The 
altitude of Temburungo must therefore be 7750 ft. above the sea. 
* On the 11th we returned to Lobang, and on the 12th to Kiau. On the 14th we moved 
to the bed of the Penokok river, where we camped till the 24th. On the 18th I visited 
Maripari, where the aneroid about noon stood at 24°6 inches, which gives the altitude at 
about 5000 ft. Maripari seems to be on the spur of the great north-western peak which 
runs out to Mt. Saduk Saduk, separating the Kinitaki from the headwaters of the 
Pengataran. On the 24th we commenced our return to the coast. We found the rivers 
swollen and unfordable, and that we had fallen on weather unusually wet even for Kina- 
balu.” 
TI. OROGRAPHY, GEOLOGY, AND METEOROLOGY. 
OROGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY. 
Mt. Kinabalu is situated in Keppel Province, British North Borneo, 20 miles from 
Ambok Bay and 30 miles from Gaya Bay. It is the highest mountain of the 
Malay Archipelago, reaching an altitude of 18,698 feet according to Capt. Belcher, 
and is not volcanic like most other high mountains of this region. Mt. Kinabalu 
proper is a huge mass of eruptive (?) granite, which emerges with precipitous, almost 
everywhere inaccessible, sides from a much and deeply dissected highland. The 
summit itself is not much more than 2 miles long; but it sends a long spur out from 
near its eastern end, running N.N.E. This spur culminates in a long, jagged, and 
narrow ridge, between 10,000 and 11,000 feet high, and breaking off in equally inaccessible 
precipices; it is most probably formed also of granite. Another spur runs from the 
south-eastern part to S.S.W. This spur, or rather range, however, has a very different 
character; it begins where it parts from the granite cap at an altitude of about 
11,000 feet, descending soon below 8000 feet. St. John estimates its length at 20 miles; 
but it is probably much longer and perhaps in direct orographic connection with the 
mountains from which the Padas and the Kimanis rivers drain; yet it does not seem to 
rise anywhere to an altitude of more than 6000 to 7000 feet, whilst it is known to descend 
in the Tambunan Pass, 30 miles south-west of Kinabalu, to 4700 feet. This range, the 
main range of the highland of Kinabalu, consists, for several miles south from the 
granite cap, “at first of sandstone, then of black shale, almost as hard as rock" 
(Spencer St. John, Journ. R. Geogr. Soc. xxxii. p. 233). The ridge is narrow, but, like 
the steep slopes, covered with dense forest. The jagged northern spur suddenly breaks 
off, leaving a deep gap between itself and a high peak of conical shape, the altitude of 
which is estimated at about 8000 feet. Otherwise there is no continuation of the high- 
| land i in this direction. Numerous other spurs shoot out from the flanks of the granite 
cap and the northern spur almost in every direction, leaving narrow and steep valleys 
between them, but not one attains any considerable length. "Those on the western side of 
