DR. O. STAPF ON THE FLORA OF MOUNT KINABALU. 83 
were not collected below 5500 feet. This sequence is not materially altered if we add 
the few woody climbers which are in the collection: 2 Melastomaceo, Streblosa urticina, 
Melodorum kinabaluense, Aischynanthus magnifica, and Smilax heterophylla, the last 
two from above 5500 feet. Rattans are also repeatedly mentioned as very frequent, 
though no specimen has been collected. Nepenthes Rajah and Nepenthes Edwardsiana 
are common on the Maripari spur, whilst they do not seem to descend into the lower 
mountain zone on the main range, owing to their greater need of light, which confines 
them more or less to the ridge, which is below 6000 feet on the Maripari spur, but above 
6000 on the main range. Bamboos are another characteristic feature, growing in thick 
clumps beneath the trees, as on the main range, or skirting open places on the Maripari 
spur, or rambling and creeping and ** smothering everything,” as on the Pantaran spur ; 
but none of these bamboos have been collected. Of the herbaceous plants about 55 
species may be referred to this formation, amongst them a dozen orchids, many of 
these herbs growing chiefly along the torrents, as Begonia and Impatiens, and only a few 
being restricted to the upper limit. Twelve are Orchidee, 10 Melastomacee,7 Urticacee, 
5 Rubiacee, 5 Begoniacee, and 4 Gesneracee. Amongst the rest Viola serpens, Impatiens 
platyphylla, and Phlomis rugosa may be specially mentioned. The type of epiphytes is 
represented by Rhododendrons, which, like other Ericacew, have a particular tendency to 
assume this mode of life, and by numerous orchids, ferns, and mosses; but I have no 
means of defining them more precisely. The ferns from this zone number 16, of which 
9 are limited to the uppermost part, mostly extending into the next upper zone. This is 
particularly the case with Hymenophyllum dilatatum and 5 species of Trichomanes, 
plants dependent on excessive moisture, and Gleichenia circinata. The 17 mosses and 
liverworts from this zone were all collected at or above 5000 feet, except a Campylopus, 
which ranges from 3200 to 9000 feet. 
A rather different kind of primary forest is mentioned by Whitehead from high above 
the village of Kapar; it was distinguished by the absence of thick undergrowth, caused, 
as he says, by the shade of the high trees. 
b. Bogs.—The presence of boggy places on the Maripari spur is indicated by a a small 
number of» plants which, in a similar association, are found on the boggy spot called 
Temburungo, on the main range, but at a much higher elevation. They are Drosera 
spathulata, Utricularia orbiculata, Patersonia Lowii, Aletris foliolosa, Eriocaulon 
Hookerianum, and three sedges—Cladium borneense, C. samoense, and Schenus melano- 
stachyus. 
3. Upper Mountain Zone (6000 to 10,500 feet). 
This zone corresponds roughly with Junghuhn’s ** Vierte Gewáchszone” (fourth 
botanical zone) or “ Kalte Region ” (cold region). When defining the lower mountain 
zone I pointed out that some of the most characteristic elements of that zone are limited 
to the uppermost part, from 5500-6000 feet, and that not a few of them extend above 
6000 feet. This, taken in itself, would suggest hardly more than the presence of a belt 
of transition where the elements of the conterminate zones mingle. I have, however, 
