86 DR. O. STAPF ON THE FLORA OF MOUNT KINABALU. 
more robust species of Polypodium were chiefly collected at the upper limit. Lycopodia 
become more frequent, and the wiry trailing stems and branches of L. casuarinoides 
—according to Dr. Haviland—often cut the hands of the traveller who tries to penetrate 
the thickets. 
The epiphytic vegetation is certainly very luxuriant also here; but besides the shrubs 
already mentioned as growing occasionally epiphytic on trees only three orchids are 
expressly designated epiphytes, and ferns, mosses, and lichens in a very general way. 
In comparing this description of the ridge forest on Kinabalu with Junghuhn’s 
description of the primeval forest of the “cold region ” of the high mountains of Java, 
the reader will note several facts which are the more significant as the number of species 
taken into consideration by Junghuhn and by me is about the same (112 species from 
Kinabalu against 90 to 100 by Junghuhn). The first thing which impresses itself upon 
the reader is the evidently great general physiognomical resemblance—see, for instance, 
pp. 427, 428, and 449 of Junghuhn’s ‘Java, seine Gestalt, Pflanzendecke, und innere 
Bauart,’ vol. i. (2nd edition); the next, that the species and even the genera are mostly 
not the same, but mutually representative. On the other hand, the presence of rattans 
up to 9000 feet; of so many Rhododendrons, also above 7500 feet; of Podocarpus 
cupressina, one of the most characteristic elements of Junghuhn’s third zone, upward to 
11,000 feet; the prevalence of ferns, the absence of subarboreous Composite ( Anten- 
naria), and the scantiness of the herbaceous vegetation—if we may rely on the collectors 
in this point—constitute differences worthy of consideration. 
b. Bogs.—These are confined to a few very limited places, where, on account of 
particular conditions of the soil, water collects and trees and shrubs cannot get a footing. 
The vegetation is materially the same as in similar places on the Maripari spur (see 
p. 83), but a dwarf Gentiana and Trachymene saniculefolia, an Australian type, are 
very remarkable additions. 
4. Summit Zone (10,500-13,698 feet). 
There is no exact equivalent amongst Junghuhn’s zones, as the nature of the top 
portion of Kinabalu and of the summits of the Javan volcanos is so entirely different ; 
but the few analogies which we may expect lie with certain parts of Junghuhn's 
fourth zone. 
Beyond the Pakapaka cave (10,450 feet) the forest dwarfs down to a mere shrubbery, 
continuing along the ridge towards the eastern end of the granite cap, but otherwise 
broken up in scattered patches, ascending to 12,000 feet in the narrow and steep gully 
which bears Sir Hugh Low's name and affords the only means of reaching the 
summit. Above that shrubs were found only in two hollows. On a flatter area, where 
. many little streams from the granite cap collect and unite before beginning the rapid 
descent past Pakapaka, boggy patches with buttercups, potentillas, and gentians are 
scattered between patches of shrubs and patches of rocks, whilst the remainder of the 
scanty vegetation clings to the rocks, satisfied with the little soil collecting in crevices 
and holes. By far the greatest part of this zone, however, is occupied by bare rock. 
