DR. O. STAPF ON THE FLORA OF MOUNT KINABALU. 87 
Dr. Haviland took particular care to collect specimens of as many species as he could 
find here, and we may therefore consider this flora fairly completely represented in the 
collection. It comprises 52 Phanerogams, 4 Vascular Cryptogams (species of Lyco- 
podium), and 5 Mosses, and they are distributed over three formations, namely, evergreen 
dwarf bush, bog, and the vegetation of the rocks. 
a. Evergreen Dwarf Bush.—This formation, consisting of a narrow strip extending along 
the uppermost part of the main range, and of smaller or larger isolated patches, partakes 
of the character of the dwarf forest into which it passes gradually below 11,000 feet in 
many ways, being primarily the product of the extreme development of those conditions 
which influence the ridge-vegetation so effectively and of the scantiness of the soil which 
the denuded granite—nowhere very favourable to plant-life—affords. The shortening 
of the axial portions and the consequent crowding of the foliage are carried to an 
extreme. The general character of the leaves is the same as in the forest immediately 
below ; but the size is mostly much reduced, and the colour still more intense, imbuing 
the dark green of the vegetation with a brownish tint. The number of species repre- 
sented in tbis bush is still very great if we consider the limited area and the high 
elevation. The shrubs number 26 species, of which 5 are restricted to the very lowest 
part, and another 5 were not collected above 11,500 feet, whilst still 8 species were 
found above Low's gully, at 13,000 feet. The list of shrubs is headed also here by 
Ericacee with 5 species, then follow Myrsinee with 3 species; but they do not extend 
above Low's Gully, nor do the 2 conifers of this zone, namely, Phyllocladus hypophyllus 
and Podocarpus nervifolia, var. brevifolia. The other orders, each of 2 shrubby 
species, are Ternstremiacee, Rosacee, Myrtaceae, and Rubiacee. The 8 species 
gathered above Low’s Gully, at 13,000 feet, are Rubus Lowii (in a dwarf form, only a 
few inches high), Leptospermum recurvum, and Leucopogon suaveolens, all known also 
from the third zone; then Kurya reticulata, a shrub characteristic also of the highest 
regions of Sumatra and Java, and Stranvesia integrifolia, both descending below 
12,000 feet, and Symplocos buxifolia, Coprosma Hookeri, and Drapetes ericoides from 
12,000 to 13,000 feet. Drapetes ericoides forms low and very compact tufts,—hardly 
deserving the designation of shrubs—of a very peculiar habit which is not represented 
otherwise in the flora of Kinabalu, and it is altogether a foreign element. It grows in 
the crevices of rocks, and might be perhaps better included with the rock-vegetation. 
There does not seem to be much herbaceous vegetation immediately associated with the 
bush, as nearly all the herbs from this zone are expressly stated to grow either in open 
boggy places or on the rocks. The few exceptions are Eria grandis, very common from 
10,000 to 12,000 feet on the ground and in the shade of the bush, Bulbophyllum montense, 
an epiphyte, Balanophora elongata, and perhaps some of the sedges. 
The fern-vegetation is entirely replaced by Lycopodia, which, associated with mosses, 
cover the ground, particularly along the edges of the bush. 
b. Bogs.—Places exhibiting a more or less boggy character seem to be more frequent 
here than in the lower zones, particularly in the flatter portion, immediately at the 
foot of the granite slope; yet they nowhere cover a considerable area. The flora 
of these bogs consists of not a dozen phanerogams, of little interest so far as their 
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