102 DR. O. STAPF ON THE FLORA OF MOUNT KINABALU, 
hygrophilous plant, like so many Gaultheriese dependent on the frequent saturation of 
the atmosphere with moisture; and the same is evidently the case with G. borneensis, 
the anatomical structure of the leaves of which is almost identical with that of 
G. antipoda. 
b. Angiospermous Elements not extending to the Antarctic Region. 
Leptospermum recurvum. Leucopogon malayanus. 
L. javanicum. L. suaveolens. 
Leptospermum numbers 3 species in Malaya. They are very closely related to each 
other and to L. flavescens, Sm., of Australia (in the sense of the ‘Flora Australiensis ") ; 
in fact, more closely than the extreme forms referred to L. flavescens by Bentham. 
They range on the mainland as far as Moulmein, and they seem to be confined to the 
drier summits of the mountains. On the other hand, there are at least 20 species in 
Australia and Tasmania, most of them being found in East Australia, besides several 
species in New Caledonia, and 2 in New Zealand. They are closely allied and generally not 
high-level plants, like their Malayan congeners. Some of them grow in moist localities, 
others along rivers; but, taken as a whole, the genus appears rather adapted to a drier 
and, above all, sunnier climate. Leucopogon is in a similar position. There are also 3 
species in Malaya, whilst not less than 118 species are enumerated in the ‘Flora 
Australiensis.2 A few occur also in New Caledonia and 2 in New Zealand. If we, 
however, follow Sir Ferdinand von Mueller and sink Leucopogon in Styphelia, the 
number of Australian species would still more increase and the area extend to the 
Sandwich Islands. The fact that more than 80 species are found in West Australia 
suggests still more a particular adaptation to a dry and sunny climate than in the case of 
Leptospermum. This would explain why, for instance, Leucopogon malayanus prefers 
open, airy, and light places on the ridges and summits of mountains, but grows also in 
the low and dry plains of the Island of Phukok. Something similar is the case with 
Leucopogon lancifolius, Hook. fil., which seems to thrive equally well in certain sandy plains 
on the coast of North Borneo and on the ridge of the main range of Kinabalu, whilst 
L. javanicus and L. suaveolens inhabit exclusively the highest parts of the mountains. 
c. Gymnosperms. 
I prefer, for several reasons, to treat the Gymnosperms separately. They are 
generally the oldest portion of the phanerogamic vegetation so far as geological evidence 
goes. They play numerically a far more prominent part in the flora of Kinabalu— 
and in the flora of the high mountains of Malaya generally—than any other eroup of 
the Austral-Antarctic elements, and at the same time a different part. They exhibit a 
. very marked habit of growing gregariously, and Podocarpus cupressina appears to 
. be the commonest tree of the upper zone of Kinabalu, as it often is in Java at similar 
elevations. They are, physiognomically and biologically, a well-characterized group, and 
their distribution does not quite follow the type either of set « or of set b, though they 
are most distinctly members of the Austral Conifer flora. There are 2 species of 
Podocarpus, 2 species of Dacrydium, and 1 species of Phyllocladus. 
