106 DR. O. STAPF ON THE FLORA OF MOUNT KINABALU. 
extending from India through China to Japan. All these elements, however, may 
be traced back to types of an essentially Boreal character. Carex filicina and 
C. hypsophila are known from Malaya proper, but C. fusiformis has hitherto been 
found in the Himalaya only, between 7000 and 12,000 feet. All these species are 
distinctly hygrophilous. 
c. Elements representing Austral- Antarctic Branches of Boreal Types.—These are most 
distinctly related to Austral-Antarctic species, but there is a very remarkable gap if they 
are compared with their Boreal congeners. I refer 3 species to this subclass : 
Ranunculus Lowii. Euphrasia borneensis. 
Havilandia borneensis. 
Ranunculus Lowii is connected with the Australian group of R. lappaceus through 
 .R. amerophyllus from the Owen Stanley Range in New Guinea, but there is no close 
congener among the Ranunculi of Asia, Europe, or North America, so far as I am aware. 
Havilandia is an endemic genus, but distinctly allied to that branch of Myosotis which is 
represented by the Austral-Antarctic M. australis. On the other hand, it approaches 
-somewhat to Trigonotis, a genus ranging from North China, Central Asia, and Japan to 
New Guinea. .ZEuphrasia borneensis is in exactly the same position as Ranunculus Lowi. 
None of the 3 species is distinctly hygrophilous, nor are their congeners, although some 
of them are at least indifferent to a surplus of water in the soil. 
3. Austral- Antarctic Types. 
Haloragis micrantha. Cladium borneense. 
Trachymene saniculafolia. C. samoense. 
Drapetes ericoides. Schænus apogon. 
Patersonia Lowii. S. melanostachyus. 
P. borneensis. 
Haloragis and Drapetes extend across the Antarctic region to South America. Trachy- 
mene is represented by one species in New Caledonia and by numerous species in 
Australia, but a few allied genera extend from Patagonia along the Andes beyond the 
Equator. Patersonia is also limited to Australia, but it has representative genera in 
Solemanthus and Chamelum in Chile. Cladium borneense belongs to the large group of 
Baumea, which inhabits Australia, New Zealand, and the islands of the Old World between 
0° and 45° S. lat. from Madagascar to the Sandwich Islands, 3 species only running up to 
China and Bengal. Cladiwm samoense is a member of the section Vincentia, which is 
almost exclusively found between 0° and 45” $. lat. in the islands from Madagascar to 
the Sandwich group and Juan Fernandez. The genus Schenus is, with very few 
exceptions, confined to Australia, New Zealand, and the neighbouring islands, but 
S. apogon is one of these exceptions, being limited to Malaya.  Haloragis seems to 
depend on a certain amount of moisture, though the soil may be stony or sandy. 
Trachymene grows most luxuriantly in wet soil, and in a dwarfed but apparently vigorous 
form in crevices of rocks on Kinabalu. The allied Australian species seem to be equally 
indifferent, and it is in no case a characteristic bog plant. Of the nature of the habitats 
of the Australian species of Patersonia we know very little, but P. glauca, which is 
