122 NORTH AMERICAN FLORA [ VoruME 15 
D. elaium Lindb. of Europe is near this species, but D. Drummondi is rather smaller, the leaves. 
are slightly shorter, only two thirds as wide below, with the point grooved rather than subtubulose 
and the leaf-margin serrulate farther down. From the other North American species of Dicranum 
having short, not pitted upper cells, D. Drummondi is distinguished by its aggregate capsules not 
strumose, by its dull-green color and by the laxly spreading, long-pointed leaves. 
15. Dicranum Bergeri Blandow, Musci Frond. Exs. 774. 1805.— 
Bot. Zeit. Regensb. 5: 52. 1806. 
Dicranum Schraderi Weber & Mohr, Bot. Tasch. 177. _1807. 
Dicranum stenodictyon Kindb.; Macoun, Bull. Torrey Club 16:92. 1889. 
Dicranum rugosum Kindb. Ottawa Nat. 4:61. 1890. 
Dioicous: male plants minute, on tomentum of fertile stems: fertile plants in deep, 
rather compact tufts, yellowish-green above with tomentose stems up to 20 em. high: stem- 
leaves 6-7 mm. long, often somewhat secund from an erect, lanceolate or oblong base gradually 
narrowed to the undulate, somewhat flattish or grooved, lanceolate point more or less recurved. 
or twisted, and serrulate at the broadish, rounded-obtuse or acute apex; leaf-blade smooth or 
sometimes with prominent, scattered papillae on the back; costa usually vanishing below the 
apex, sometimes slightly excurrent, from nearly smooth to papillose or serrate on the back 
above, in cross-section showing 8-10 guide-cells with thick stereid-bands above and below, 
and scarcely differentiated outer cells; alar cells brown, more or less inflated; lower leaf-cells 
with much thickened and pitted walls, mostly about 8 » wide and 60-80 uw long, the upper 
ones rather irregular and angular, from transversely elongate to 2-3 times as long as wide, 
sometimes nearly square or triangular, with mostly uniformly thickened walls not pitted; inner 
perichaetial leaves shorter than the stem-leaves, convolute more than one half up and mostly 
sinuately truncate to a slender, usually smooth point: seta solitary, yellow or reddish, 2-4 cm. 
long: capsule cylindric, nodding, curved, somewhat furrowed when dry, not strumose; annulus’ 
of 2 or 3 rows of pale cells rather loosely cohering; lid with its oblique beak nearly as long as 
capsule; peristome-teeth vertically striate, often irregular, divided into 2, sometimes 3 or 4 
forks densely papillose above: spores rough, up to 24 w in diameter. 
Type Locality: Germany. 
Distr1euTion: Labrador to Alaska and southward to New Jersey, Ohio, and Colorado; mostly 
alpine in bogs and wet meadows; also in Europe and Asia. 
Exsice.: Sull.Musci Allegh. 163; Sull. & Lesq. Musci Bor. Am. 67; ed. 2.84; Drummond, Musci 
Am. 87, 88; Aust. Musci App. 93; Macoun, Can. Musci 32, 45; Ren. & Card. Musci Am. Sept. Exs. 12. 
The smaller forms of D. Bergeri are often confusing. The leaves may be scarcely undulate and 
the upper leaf-cells nearly all somewhat elongate with rather unequally thickened walls. D. spurium 
always has, I believe, the upper leaf-cells shorter, with more unequally thickened walls than are found 
in D. Bergeri. 
16. Dicranum spurium Hedw.; Timm, Fl. Megapol. 217. 1788. 
Dicranum brachycaulon Kindb.; Macoun, Cat. Can. Pl. 6: 34. 1892. 
Dioicous: male plants minute, often scarcely 1 mm. high, attached to tomentum of the 
fertile stems and bearing about 3 flowers in a cluster, the inner perigonial leaves costate above 
or ecostate, rather abruptly narrowed to a broadish point, serrulate on the margin and often 
rough on the back with high papillae, the 2 or 3 antheridia about 0.25 mm. high with few 
paraphyses: fertile plants in yellowish-green tufts, with robust, usually interruptedly foliate 
stems up to 8 cm. high: stem-leaves loosely imbricate all round, mostly less than 6.5 mm. long 
and about 1 mm. wide, from an ovate base often widest nearly one half up, somewhat abruptly 
narrowed to a mostly subtubulose, rather finely serrulate, more or less undulate and twisted, 
incurved or variously flexuous, acute point shorter than the basal part; leaf-blade on the back 
usually densely papillose about one half down; costa just above the broadened base about 100 u 
wide and one seventh the width of the leaf, nearly percurrent, in cross-section near the middle 
showing 6 or 7 guide-cells with stereid-bands above and below and more or less differentiated 
cells next the dorsal surface; alar cells brownish to hyaline, the cells above, for about one 
fourth up the leaf, pale, rather thin-walled, pitted, soon becoming short and irregular, often 
transversely elongate, square or triangular, with usually unequally thickened walls not pitted; 
inner perichaetial leaves shorter than the stem-leaves, convolute three fourths up or more, 
abruptly narrowed or retuse at the base of the short, nearly entire point: seta solitary, yellow- 
