Class ANGIOSPERMAE 
Carpel or pistil a closed cavity formed by the uniting of the margins of a 
rudimentary leaf, or sometimes of several leaves. ‘The ovules (macrosporanges) 
are borne on the inner face of this cavity and within it the seeds are matured. 
A pollen-grain alighting on the stigma (a specialized portion of the carpel) 
sends out a pollen-tube which penetrates the tissues of the carpel and on reach- 
ing an ovule enters its orifice Gmicropyle), or rarely the pollen-tube enters at 
the chalaza. Fertilization is effected by a sperm-cell at the end of a pollen- 
tube coming in contact with an egg-cell in the embryo-sac. 
Sugciass MONOCOTYLEDONES 
Stems endogenous, with no distinction into bark, wood, and pith, consist- 
ing of a ground-mass of soft tissue (parenchyma) in which strands or bundles 
of wood-cells are irregularly distributed. Leaves mostly alternate, sheathing 
at the base; blades usually parallel-nerved, entire or essentially so; rarely 
separating by a manifest articulation. Perianthand essential parts of the flower 
usually in threes or sixes. Embryo with a single cotyledon, the early leaves 
always alternate. 
Order PANDANALES 
By Joun KUNKEL SMALL 
Bog-inhabiting or aquatic herbs, perennial by elongate rootstocks. Leaves 
alternate, erect and partially appressed to the stem or spreading; blades nar- 
row, commonly greatly elongate. Flowers incomplete, imperfect, inconspic- 
uous, borne in an elongate cylindric spike-like raceme with an unbranched 
rachis which is divided into a lower pistillate and an upper staminate portion, 
or in globular spikes which are usually borne on a branched rachis. Perianth 
of bristles or scales. Androecium of 2-7 stamens, the anthers with large con- 
nectives. Gynoecium of a single carpel or of 2 united carpels, the style pres- 
ent and elongate, or wanting; ovary 1- or 2-celled, sessile or stipitate. Fruit 
nut-like, hidden in a dense mass of bristles or exposed. 
.Flowers borne in cylindric, spike-like racemes; perianth of bristles; 
gynoecium narrowed into a stipe at the base. : Fam, 1. TYPHACEAE. 
Flowers borne in globular spikes; perianth of scales; gynoecium 
sessile. Fam. 2. SPARGANIACEAE. 
VoLUME 17, Part 1, 1909] 1 
