Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 121 
teria diospyroides, Hampea appendiculata, Heterocondylus vitalbae, Humiriastrum 
diguense, Inga oerstediana, Macrocnemum roseum, Macrolobium costaricense, Mar- 
ila pluricostata, Miconia schlimii, Ocotea nicaraguensis, Otoba novogranatensis, 
Panopsis mucronata, Parathesis acostensis, Parkia pendula, Quiina schippii, Sympho- 
nia globulifera, Synechanthus warscewiczianus, Tovomita weddelliana, Trema inte- 
gerrima, Trichospermum galeottii, Virola koschnyi, V. sebifera, Vochysia allenii, and 
V. ferruginea. Some of these, such as Humiriastrum diguense, Inga oerstediana, and 
Symphonia globulifera, are found as high as 1700—1800(—2000) m. Nevertheless, the 
prevalence of such lower-elevation elements at high elevations gradually diminishes as 
one moves from north to south in Costa Rica, so that in the 1000—2000 m band of the 
Talamanca range, species characteristic of that band predominate. These include: A ger- 
atum conyzoides, Alchornea latifolia, Alfaroa williamsii, Alnus acuminata, Baccharis 
pedunculata, Beilschmiedia alloiophylla, Billia hippocastanum, Brunellia costaricen- 
sis, Calatola costaricensis, Calceolaria mexicana, Casearia tacanensis, Cecropia 
polyphlebia, Cedrela tonduzii, Chamaedorea crucensis, C. parvifolia, Cinchonia pu- 
bescens, Citharexylum caudatum, Cleyera theoides, Cornus disciflora, Croton draco, 
Drimys granadensis, Elaeagia auriculata, Elateriopsis oerstedii, Equisetum bogotense, 
Ficus caldasiana, F. tuerckheimii, Freziera candicans, F: friedrichsthaliana, Geonoma 
edulis, Guatteria oliviformis, Hedyosmum bonplandianum, Hieronyma oblonga, Ilex 
lamprophylla, Inga oerstediana, Justicia angustibracteata, Ladenbergia brenesii, Lip- 
pia myriocephala, Lozanella enantiophylla, Macrohasseltia macroterantha, Magnolia 
poasana, Manekia naranjoana’, Matudaea trinervia, Mauria heterophylla, Mortonio- 
dendron pentagonum, Morus insignis, Myrsine coriacea, Nasa triphylla, Ocotea steno- 
neura, Oreopanax xalapensis, Panopsis costaricensis, Phyllanthus anisolobus, Podo- 
carpus oleifolius, Prestoea acuminata, Pseudolmedia mollis, Quercus spp., Razisea 
citrina, Ruagea glabra, Rubus glaucus, R. irasuensis, Rumex obtusifolius, Sanicula li- 
berta, Saurauia montana, Solanum lanceifolium, Sommera donnell-smithii, Sorocea 
trophoides, Styrax glabrescens, Ticodendron incognitum, Trichilia havanensis, Ulmus 
mexicana, Verbesina oerstediana, V. tapantiana, V. turbacensis, Viburnum costari- 
canum, Viola stipularis, Weinmannia pinnata, Wercklea lutea, Zanthoxylum melanos- 
tictum, and Zapoteca tetragona. 
At somewhat higher elevations in the Cordillera de Talamanca, especially above 
2000 m, oak (Quercus spp.) forests, known locally as encinares, dominate the land- 
scape. There are about six species of Quercus in this cordillera, the most common being 
Q. bumelioides and Q. costaricensis. Studies of the arboreal physiognomy of these 
forests show that Quercus spp. account for 76% of individuals greater than 25 cm DBH 
and 93% of individuals greater than 45 cm DBH (Blaser, in Stadtmiiller, 1987). De- 
pending upon elevation and other factors, a particular species of Quercus may domi- 
2 Manekia naranjoana (C. DC.) Ricardo Callejas, comb. nov. Piper naranjoanum C. DC., Linnaea 37: 
363. 1872; Sarcorhachis naranjoana (C. DC.) Trel. 
