Manual de Plantas de Costa Rica 165 
lindeniana, Salix humboldtiana, Sapium glandulosum, Spondias purpurea, Stemmade- 
nia litoralis, Tagetes filifolia, Trichilia havanensis, Trixis inula, Turpinia occidentalis, 
Vernonia triflosculosa, Viguiera cordata, Yucca guatemalensis, Zanthoxylum limon- 
cello, and Zapoteca tetragona. Various of these species are shared with the eastern sec- 
tor of the Central Valley, which has a colder, cloudier climate, more enclosed by moun- 
tains and floristically influenced by the proximity of the Cordillera de Talamanca to the 
south. The landscape here has been perhaps even more modified by intensive agricul- 
ture than that of the western sector. A few of the species characteristic of this valley are 
Ageratina pichinchensis, Alstonia pittieri, Amphitecna sessilifolia, Bidens reptans, 
Castilleja arvensis, Citronella costaricensis, Conostegia macrantha, C. oerstediana, 
Crossopetalum tonduzii, Croton hoffmannii, C. niveus, C. ortholobus, Dahlia imperi- 
alis, Dalea leporina, Ficus tuerckheimii, F: velutina, Forestiera cartaginensis, Hyptis 
urticoides, Ilex lamprophylla, Miconia tonduzii, Monochaetum floribundum, Morus in- 
signis, Myrcianthes montana, Ocotea mollicella, Persea schiedeana, Psittacanthus 
schiedeanus, Randia armata, Toxicodendron striatum, Sageretia elegans, Sambucus 
canadensis, Serjania racemosa, Stachys costaricensis, Trifolium dubium, Vallesia au- 
rantiaca, Viburnum stellatotomentosum, and Wigandia urens. 
Subsidiary mountain ranges. Several middle-elevation mountain ranges lie be- 
tween the Cordillera de Talamanca (see Cordilleras, above) and the Pacific coast. These, 
of course, have considerable influence on the floristic composition of the area. The 
mountains from the Cerros de Escazu to the Los Santos region feature a flora derived 
primarily from that of the Cordillera de Talamanca, as is perhaps most evident (in the 
tree flora) by the numerous species of oaks, especially Quercus bumelioides, Q. costa- 
ricensis, and Q. oocarpa. Other species corresponding to this pattern include Alnus 
acuminata, Billia hippocastanum, Cleyera theoides, Cornus disciflora, Eugenia carta- 
gensis, Freziera candicans, F: friedrichsthaliana, Fuchsia paniculata, Myrcianthes 
rhopaloides, Oreopanax xalapensis, Vaccinium consanguineum, and Wercklea lutea. 
The 1000—1800 m elevational band in this area is characterized by a combination of 
species that come either from higher elevations of the Talamanca range or from the 
lower and warmer coastal band. These include Abutilon striatum, Acnistus arbores- 
cens, Alonsoa meridionalis, Alstonia pittieri, Anoda cristata, Anthurium salvinii, 
A. scandens, A. standleyi, Aphelandra leonardii, Ardisia quadrata, Arenaria lanugi- 
nosa, Axinaea costaricensis, Axonopus fissifolius, Begonia oaxacana, Bouvardia glabra, 
Brickellia argyrolepis, Buchnera pusilla, Calatola costaricensis, Casearia tacanensis, 
Cedrela tonduzii, Cestrum tomentosum, Chaetium bromoides, Cirsium subcoriaceum, 
Cissampelos pareira, Cleome viridiflora, Cleyera theoides, Cologania broussonetii, 
Conyza chilensis, Costus barbatus, C. montanus, Croton mexicanus, C. xalapensis, Cu- 
nila leucantha, Dalbergia calycina, Desmodium caripense, Elateriopsis oerstedii, Epi- 
phyllum cartagense, Forsteronia myriantha, Geranium guatemalense, Hauya elegans, 
Hebanthe grandiflora, Holcus lanatus, Hypoestes phyllostachya, Iresine nigra, Juncus 
