28 | Mr. W. S. MacrEay on the Comparative Anatomy 
the Rasores and Grallatores. The relations of analogy pointed 
out by Linnzus between Mammalia and Birds are, as Hermann 
has observed, not always correct; and his errors have arisen 
from the misfortune of his not detecting the natural group of 
Aristotle and Ray, which the latter has called Ungu/ata. Having 
only been able to seize Aristotle’s subdivisions of ra pev ovx 
aupodovre, he lost the parallelism of analogy, and fell, as I shall 
hereafter show, into very glaring mistakes. In the Systema 
Nature, however, he has mentioned that very striking analogy 
which appears between his groups of Gralle and Bruta ; that is, 
according to the parallelism of analogy, between the orders of 
Grallatores and Ungulata, since the Bruta, as we have seen, do 
not form an order, but only a natural subdivision of the Ungu- 
lata. That this analogy is demonstrably true, I deduce from the 
following facts. Of their respective classes, the orders of Ungu- 
lata and Grallatores contain examples of the longest legs in pro- 
portion to the body,—witness Camelopardalis and Hemantopus. 
Both orders present us, in groups not exactly aquatic, with in- 
stances of the toes being soldered together, as the Horse; or 
connected together by a web, as the Flamingo. Both orders 
present us with the greatest elongation of muzzle or facies, — 
witness Myrmecophaga, or Antilope* and Scolopax; and also 
with the most depressed form of muzzle,— witness Hippopotamus 
and Platalea, which genera also afford us the truest specimens 
-of Wading Vertebrata. In both orders we have the most elon- 
gated claws,—witness Megalonyz and Parra. Both orders afford 
us the swiftest animals in running,—as the Horse and Tachydro- 
mus; and the most pugnacious on account of love,—as the Bull 
and Machetes. The Bull moreover and the Butor (or Bos- 
taurus, for hence comes the bird’s name), afford us the loudest 
and hoarsest voice of their respective orders: where we have 
* Particularly A. bubalus L. 
also 
