15 
(c) Secondary Associations : Inhabited Zone of Foot-hills or Lower 
Ranges. 
(2d) Low Mountain Forest above 7000’: Crests of Main Range and 
Lake Basins, 7000-9000’. 
All systematic collection was limited to the last formation. 
ITINERARY AND DESCRIPTIVE ACCOUNT OF 
VEGETATION.. 
(a) Beacu Formation. 
Permanent sand-spits, Waren and Wariap. 
The beach at Warén forms a long sweep on each side as far the eye can 
reach. A plantation belonging to a Japanese, who with his son had permission 
to accompany me to the lakes, was situated at the mouth of the Warén River, 
which, dammed up by a sand-bank, formed a green lagoon, with only a very 
narrow outlet to the sea. A clump of Casuarina equisetifolia proved a certain 
stability, but the river-exit, with the dip of the beach, must be always in a 
state of flux with each N. monsun season. The great accumulation of sand 
to which Warén and also Wariap owe their security from the inroads of the 
surf, must be due to the amount brought down and deposited by the rivers 
at their mouths. 
Where the beach broadens out in the immediate vicinity of Warén, 
a Pes-capre association with Tacca pinnatifida is formed, to be succeeded by 
typical beach-shrubs, like Thespesia populnea, Canavalia obtusifolia, Scevola 
Koenigit, Vitex trifolia, Clerodendron inerme, Premna nitida, and a Gmelina, 
probably villosa, which must successively bank up the sand against the wash 
of the surf, as the Japanese had cleared behind them and planted coco-nuts 
on the pure sand, with cotton and pineapples as undercrops. This is the only 
spot along the coast besides Wariap where suclia risk could be taken. Where 
the beach was lower and narrower, the surf washed through heach-jungle or 
under Casuarinas to the overhanging fringe of forest trees. 
Sub-emerged Beach. 
It is several hours from Warén to Wariap along the coast to the north, 
by what may be styled a sub-emerged beach. A little beyond Warén the 
sand decreases in volume, strand plants disappear, and the beach narrows 
considerably. Huge trees of Barringtonia speciosa lie prostrate to semi- 
prostrate over the sea. Young plants of Pandanus sp., Dracena angustifolia, 
an immense Crinum, probably C. macrantherum, with giant stools of 
Asplenium Nidus, no doubt displaced from the branches of trees as they 
fell, crowd the ground, all dusted over and growing plentifully amongst 
much water-washed débris and plant detritus, both terrestrial and marine, 
