34 
the ground, were fruiting, like a Thuja, the g and ¢ cones in all stages 
on separate branches of the same tree. 
At about 8500' the forest again changed gradually in type, becoming 
lower and scrubbier, more open, with a denser growth of undershrubs. 
Underyrowth.—Diplycosia Liliane reappeared and Vaccinium pilosiflorum, 
amongst which a stiff Exocarpus sp., with branches up to 1 m. in height, but 
not in flower, was conspicuous ; Backhousia arfakensis, *Beckea frutescens, 
Styphelia nutans var. arfakensis, and Psychotria vaccinioides, from compact 
shrub to small tree, with huge clumps of *Gahnia psittacorum, 3 m. in 
height, °Gentiana Vanderwateri again favouring damper spots, and °Myrme- 
doma arfakiana, with large slate-blue flowers, abundant on the trees, were 
collected at about this level. 
2. Shrubberies bordering Crest of Mountain, 8500-9000". 
On the crest of the mountain the forest passed into shrubberies. Signs 
of recent burning explained the open character of the sammit with scattered 
trees, which surprised me when seen from the opposite side of the lake, 
as the altitude is not sufficient to warrant an open formation under 
the Equator. Dense shrubberies were also isolated in depressions and on 
raised knolls, all surrounded by a fringe of burnt trees and branches, which 
formed a protective screen from subsequent flames. 
On the edge of shrubberies thus exposed, many species were in flower, 
viz.: *Phyllocladus hypophyllus, very abundant, Idenburgia novo-guineensis, 
a fastigiate tree very like seme Drimys sp. in the reddish stems and petioles 
and white flowers; also J. arfakensis, more spreading in habit, Drimys 
Beccariana, Eleocarpus koebrensis, Sericolea novo-guineensis, Spirewanthemum 
bullatum, in fruit, Pogonanthera hexamera, Backhousia arfakensis, Myrtus 
koebrensis, Rhododendron angiense, pink, the beautiful white R. Devriesianum, 
Psychotria vaceinioides. * Histiopteris incisa was sometimes seen underneath, 
but the growth of the trees in these shrubberies is too dense’ to admit 
of much intruding undergrowth ; Tecomanthe volubilis, here in flower, was 
draped over the trees, 
B. OPEN' “OPPORTUNITY ” ASSOCIATIONS. 
a. 8.W. Rings, 7000-8500’. 
Papuan Rest- and Camping-places. 
Several open spaces on the broader and higher’ parts of this ridge are 
kept open by the Papuans as rest- and camping-grounds: About 20 m. 
each way in size, with the surface where exposed of hard gravel, sheltered 
‘ Gibbs, L. S., “ A Contribution to the Flora and Plant Formations of Mt. Kinabalu and 
the Highlands of British N, Borneo,” Journ. Linn. Soc., Bot. xlii. (1914) 19, 
