LEAFLETS OF PHILIPPINE BOTANY 
EDITED BY A. D. E. ELMER, A. M. 
Vol. Hi. Manila, P. L., November 15, 1910. Art. 45 
THE FERNS OF MOUNT APO 
BY 
E. B. Copeland 
(Dean, College of Agriculture, Philippines University, 
Los Banos, P. I.) 
—0-—— 
According to the numerous moderately discrepant measure- 
ments, Apo is somewhat more than three thousand meters 
in altitude. 'The western face drains into the Rio Grande de 
Mindanao; this side of the mountain is entirely unknown to 
white men. Its eastern slope drains into the gulf of Davao, 
through the Sibulan river. Above the narrow coastal plain, 
the stream runs in a deep gorge. "This is the usual route to the 
mountain, and for a considerable distance the traveller fights 
his way up the bed of the stream itself. At an altitude 
of five hundred meters, the gorge forks, where the Baruring and 
Sibulan meet. The Bagobo community of Todaya occupies 
the table land between these streams, just above their confluence, | 
and about two hundred meters above their level. It extends 
back to an altitude of about twelve hundred meters, beyond 
which is a plateau covered with typical virgin rain forest. 
Below Todaya, the formation is high forest. 
Following the Apo trail above Todaya some four kilo- 
meters, Mainit creek, named for its thermal springs, is reached. 
There. is then a steep climb to Seriban creek, and a gra- 
