354 THE BROWN SCALE," 
which the insect produces without a knowledge of its structure and 
functions, I shall, in the first instance, detail these, at least so much 
of them as I have been able to verify. 
The first thing that attracts attention, on looking at a Coffee- 
tree which has for some time been infested with the “bug,” is the 
number of brownish-coloured wart-like bodies that stud the young 
shoots, and occasionally the margins of the under-side of the leaves. 
Each of these marks, or scales, is a transformed female ** bug,” con- 
taining a large number of eggs, which are hatched within it. When 
the young ones come out from their nest they run about over the 
plant, looking very much like small woodlice ; and at this period of 
their lives there is no distinction between the male and the female. 
Shortly after being hatehed the males generally seek the under-side 
of the leaves, while the females prefer the young shoots as a place of 
abode. In these localities they attach themselves to the cuticle of the 
plant, for the purpose of undergoing certain transformations, which, 
being different in the two sexes, require to be described separately. 
If the under surface of a young leaf of an infected Coffee-tree be 
. examined with the naked eye, it will be found to be studded, more or 
less thickly, particularly on its lower half, with minute yellowish-white 
coloured specks, of an oblong form. These are the larvz of the 
males being transformed into pape beneath their own skin. Some of 
these specks are always in a more perfect state than others, the full- 
grown ones being of a whitish colour, and scarcely a line long. Of 
_ those which are of this size, some have a much more translucent ap- 
pearance than others, and, if examined with a magnifier, will be found 
to be empty, the perfect animal having made its escape; but if the 
darker-coloured ones are examined in the same manner, the nearly 
perfect insect will be found within it. In this state the animal is of an 
oblong form, of a yellowish colour, with the rudiment of a wing on 
each side attached to the lower part of the thorax, and closely applied 
to the sides. It has six legs, the four hind ones being directed back- 
wards, and the two anterior ones forwards. It has two antenne, 
which are directed backwards; and from the tail protrude three short 
bristles, the central one of which is both thicker and longer than the 
other two. - 
. When the transformation has been igite, and the insect has 
ached maturity, it makes its way out from beneath the pellucid 
