396 ' — CONTRIBUTIONS TOWARDS A 
be found that Viguiera is the oldest, having been established by 
Humboldt et Kunth, in 1820, in the fourth volume of the Nova 
Genera. In the following year Harpalium was constituted by 
Cassini, in the twentieth volume of the Dict. des Sc. Nat.; and 
next year, that is in 1822, Leighia was established by the same 
author, in the twenty-fifth volume of the same work. It is to 
Viguiera, therefore, that all the species which have been enu- 
merated under the three genera must be referred. 
The nearest affinity of these plants is evidently with Helianthus, 
being only distinguished from it by the squamelle which 
exist between the ariste of the pappus. This difference was, 
however, considered of so little importance by Lessing, that in his 
Synopsis (1832) he placed Harpalium and Leighia as subgenera 
under Helianthus, retaining Viguiera as a distinct genus, but 
with a technical character scarcely different from that of Heli- 
anthus. 
I have divided the genus, as now modified, into four sections, 
all of which have already been indicated either as distinet genera 
or sections. If any of the species thus associated together 
have at all characters by which they may be distinguished 
generically from the others, it is the two which are put into the 
section Harpalium. In both of them the achenia of the ray are 
entirely destitute of pappus, and therefore, in this respect, hold 
the same relation to the other sections of Viguiera, that Doronicum 
does to Senecio and its allies ; but then the section Harpalagia, 
which immediately precedes it, contains species, some of which 
have the pappus of the ray merely dentate, while in others it is 
squamellate, and thus forms a transition from Harpalium to the 
preceding sections. d 
Vicurera, H. B. K. Nov. Gen. 4. p. 994.— Lxrenia, Cass. 
Dict. 95. p. 435. — HanrALIUM, Cass. Dict. 90. p. 299.— 
HELIANTHI sp. Auct. a Wem 
Char. Gen. Capitulum multiflorum heterogamum, floribus radii 
neutris ligulatis, floribus disci tubulosis hermaphroditis. Zmvo- - i . 
lucri squamee bi- aut pluri- serialibus æquales aut inæquales — : 
laxe aut stricte imbricatz, exteriores apice sepe in appendi cem pL 
