No. VII. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 



The trees ■\rhich respectively produce the Cinnamon >and Cassia 

 spices have, for a long series of yours aifoided matter for discussion 

 and been a subject of controversy among Botanists. The question 

 whether these barks were the produee of one or of seyeral species 

 having recently been referred to me by the Madras Government, I 

 have been induced, in the present number of these Icones, to lay be- 

 fore the public fij^ures of number of the species of the genus Cinna^ 

 7no7nvm, the younj^er branches of most, or perhaps all, of which, there 

 is reason to believe, are peeled, as yielding an aromatic bark, more or 

 less allied ia its properties and flavour to that of the true Cinnamon 

 and sold in the European markets under the name of Ciuuamon or 

 Cassia, according to its qualities. 



The Cinnainomnm zeylam'cum of this series is, that which furni?-he3 

 the true Ceylon Cinnamon, the C. aromaticum supplies the Chinese 

 Cinnamon, which is but little, if at all less valuable, but is I believe, 

 that which is considered among European druggists the genuine or 

 first sort Cassia of commerce— nearly all the other species here 

 figured, there is reason to believe, are indiscrimiuatoly peeled, and 

 the bark sold as Cassia bark. The plant figured No. 132 [LitsfPa 

 Zoylanica) is the type of the Linna;an Lauras Cassia, with which he 

 associated, the species figured in Nos. 130 and 141, both of which are 

 jiow ascertained to be most distinct, but which he did not discover 

 owing to his specimen not being in flower. This one error, which 

 seems never before to have been traced to its source, gave rise to all 

 the controversy which has at different times divided Botanist.^ on 

 this subject. For fuither details on this point I beg to refer to a 

 short paper of mine published in the 9th volume page loO, of the 

 Madras Journal of Science. To save unnecessary repetitions in ex- 

 plaining the plates I here subjoin the generic characters of the genus 

 Cinnamovmm, with such explanations as may be necessary to make 

 them clearly understood. , i- i ^ . 



Cinnamomiim, Flowers bisexual or polygamous, calyx 6-cIeIt m a 

 double series, the upper half of each segment separating from the 

 cup-shaped tul>e. Stamens \2, in a quadruple series, the two outer 

 rows fertile, opposite the segments of the calyx and opening m- 

 wards, the third row also fertile, opposite the outer series turned 

 outwards and bearing on the filaments two glands, (stammodia) the 

 4th series sterile, opposite the second. Anthers ovate, 4-ce!lf^fl, 

 openincT by valves, the inferior cells larger, lateral, the sterile ono« 

 ovate capitate. Ovary 1-celled, with one ovule. Stigma discoid. 

 Berry l-seeded. the base embraced by the enlarged 6-toothed per- 

 sistent cup-shaped base of the calyx.— Indian trees yielding aromatic 

 bark the leaves nerved, approximated by pairs or opposite, flowers 

 panicled or fascicled without involucra, the buds naked 



In some of tie following dissections of the flowers otCinnmnnmiim, 

 the four series of stamens are represented separately two and two, that 

 is the two outer rows are left attached to the segments of the calyx, 

 while the inner ones which usually easily separate are represented 

 distinct by which means the staminodia, or gl£.nds, and sterile sta- 

 anens are more clearly shown, and the confusion which rnight arise 

 from bad printing, or otherwise, avoided. The following character of 

 the genus^z7^^« is copied from Professor Emlhchei's most valuable 

 Genera Piantarum. ft is slightly modihed from Nees character of 

 3>/maenza, a name pre-gccupied for a genus of Labtai^, and there- 

 fore inadmissible here. , , , j ^^i i , * 



X?V.^^(Tass.) Flowers dioicous, the buds covered with scale- 

 Male calyx 4-5, or 6 parted, deciduous. Male stamens g, of which 4 

 or the two interior oues have two glands at the base. Anthers m- 

 trorse. 4-celled, the 4 valves ascending^Female-Stamens 4.6.thick- 

 cmed above opposite the segments of the calyx, 4 ^^^^^/f^slan^s 

 rounding the ovary, either approximated by pairs or 8ttax:hed to ti e 

 5 and 6th sterile filaments. Ovary 1-ce led l-ovuled, sUd^ s^or ; 

 sti-ma discoid. Berry 1-seeded, naked, placed on a pedictd thick- 

 rnld at the apex.-Indlan trees with alternate nerved leaves flowers 

 axillary, fascicled, flower-buds sessile, in pairs, or several densely 

 imbricated with deciduous scales. , ^ ^.i, i 



A reference to the figure No. 139, will render rnost of these charac. 



ters sufficiently obvious ; it being borne in mind that t^'X?p'>h'.t'the 

 what in difTerent species. It may however be remarked here that the 

 drawing is made entirely from dry specimens, and on ^o^f^P^/" f' 

 owing to the minuteness and difTiculty of displaying the part, of the 



flower not auite so perfect as I could wish. . -i . 



TrtheTran-ement of my materials for this Number I regrc^that 



mor"e'i?teXn was not pa'id in the ^^-t-f-^tor^/f^U suS 

 done, a methodical in place of a chance distribution of the specieg 



jnig^t have been affected. 



EXPLANATION OF PLATES. 



122 & 123. his. Cinnamomum iners. Nees. 



1. Flowerin- branch, 7iatural size-2. A flower-3 and 4. The same 

 dissected-5. The inner series of stamens shown separately to prevent 

 the confusion and difticulty in understaudmg the »tV^'^f'J^^^ .^^' 'JF^^ 

 results when alunxji in situ-&. The ovary cut vertically, show ng the 

 solitary ovulo-7. Cut transver>ely-8. A mature ^ '""/t, n«^«''<i/ ^^^.^-r; 

 0. The same cut vertically-10. Transversely, tmth the e^ceidions 



mentio7iedy all more or less magnijied. 



The specimen represented in the first of these figures was commur 

 nicated bv Dr. Wallich fro^ the Calcutta botanic garden. The one 

 in fruit wliich was examined, and named by Piolessor Nees, is from 

 Malabar. 



123. Cinnamomum zeyUnicum, vahiral si:^o^^ X flower-3-4. 

 The same dissected-5-6. "The ovary cut vertically and trausversely- 

 7. A mature fruit-8-9. The same cut vertically and traasversely-iO, 

 The embryo, aJl more or less inognijied. 



The specimen figured was gathered in the Cinnamon f^rdens of 

 Columbo, this, though I apprehend not the finest vanety.was adopted 

 as coming from the best native station, m preference to others not 



raised in Ceylon, 



124. Cinnamomum nitidum, natural she-2. A ^l^ssected llower- 

 3. A stamen of the outer series-4. A sterile stameu-5. A stanien ot 

 the inner series with its ghmds-6. The ovary cut transversely-7. 

 Vertically-8. A full grown fruit-9. The same cut vertically-lQ. 

 The embryo, all more or less magnijicd. 



Copied from Roxbargh's drawing. 



125. Cinnamomum ovalifolium, (R,W.) Young branches quad- 

 rangular, and with the under surface of the leaves villous, leaves 

 ovate, obtuse, pauicles axillary, shorter than the leaves, few flow- 

 ered. 



Hab: Woods, Ceylon, 



1, Flowering branch, natural nze-^-Z. A dissected flower-1-5. 

 Ovary cut v.'rtically an Itransversely-G, A portion of a leaf ma^i- 

 fied to show the villi— a^i more or less magnijied. 



gpecimens Qommunicated by Colonel Walker, 



126. Cinnamomum multtflormn. A ^' ^'* 



i. FIoM-ering blanch, •w/«/m7.'f/rc— 2-3. The flower di^<5ectGd— 4-5, 

 The ovary cut transversely and vertically, moreor less magnijied. 



The specimen was received from Ceylon, and though apparently 

 the same species diilers sufUciently from Ro\burgh*s plants No. 131, 

 to entitle it to rank as a distinct variety. 



127. Cinnamon villosum, (R. W.) All the younger parts of the 

 plant clothed with soft villous pubescence: branches terete, leaves 

 ovate, lauceolate, acute, panicles stalked, difl"use, about the length of 

 the leaves, 



llab : Ceylon in u-oads. 



This species seems closely allied to the true Cinnamon, and maybe 

 the (7. perpetuo florens of fiurman, though that appears doubtful. 

 It is principally distinguished by its pubescence. 



1. Flowering branch, natural si>e— 2-3. A dissected flower— 4-5. 

 Ovary cut vertically and transversely- — (j-7. Portions of a leaf magni- 

 fied to show the pubescence on both sides— a// more or less magnijial, 



128. Laurus cassia, Bot. Ma^. 163G. This in the estimation of 

 Nees von i^senbeck is a variety of the true Cinnamon plant, an opi- 

 nion in which after repeated comparisons with both growing plants 

 and dried specimens, 1 cannot coincide, though I am unable to say to 

 what species it is referable. 



Copied from the Botanical Magazine. 



129. Laurus cinnamomum, Bot. Mag, 2028. This I at first consi- 

 dered a variety of the former, and on that supposition have duubt-r 

 fully named it C, st:yla7ucum, a more careful examination has led 

 me to alter my oj^iinion, and now I think it a variety of 136, C arO'- 

 tnaticuvij Nees. 



This like the preceding is copied from the Botanical Magazine. 



130. Cinnamomum inors. Orwa— Rherde, Tlort. Mai. This like 

 128 is quoted by Nees as a variety of C. zoylfmicum, but in my oju- 

 nion is much more correctly referalde to G, iners. This is one of the 



rent 

 des- 

 cribed in the Flora' zeylanica. 



This figure is copied from Rheede's Ilort, Mai, 



plants quoted by Linnteus as his Laurus cassia. It is totally difie 

 from the Ceylon plant which he had before him (No. 132) and ( 



131. Cinnamomum multiflorum, 'Soes^Laurus ?nuIliJ!ora, Roxb. 

 7ialural size—2'Z, A dissected flower. 



This figure is copied from Roxburgh's drawing, a native of Ceylon. 



132. LitsEca zeylanica, ^Q^.?, — Tetradpni a zeylanica, 'Sec^—Lauru^ 

 cassia, Lin. natural size—2. A flowei-bud unopened— 3. The same, 

 the involucrum opened and spread out to show the enclosed flowery 

 «n«7M— 4. The involucrum with the flowers in a very early stage^ 

 5. A flower unopened— G, The same opened— 7. The glanduliferouf? 

 stamens back and front views— 8. Stamens of ttie outer series back 

 and front views— 9. The ovary—lO-ll. The same cut vertically and 

 transversely— 12. A mature fruit, natural iY;:e— 13. The seed— 11-15. 

 The seed cut vertically and transversely, the fo^ mer showing the em- 

 bryo in situ^wilh the exceptions meniio7ied, all more or less magnijied. 



The flowers of the fertile plant of this species are, it appears, bi- 



The specimen figured is from Ceylon, 



133. Cinnamomum ? rccurvatum. Laurus recurvata, Roxb.^2. A 

 dissected flower— 3. A sterile stamen. 



Copied from Roxburgh's drawing— I do not find this species la 

 Nees* enumeration of Indian Laurinffi, and not being in fruit I am not 

 sure that it is a species of Cinnamomum, hence the mark of doubt. 



134. Cinnamomum zoyhuiicuin, 7 Nees, natural size—2-Z. A dis- 

 sected flower— 4-0, Ovary cut vertically and transversely. 



The specimen from which the drawing was made was communica- 

 ted, along with many more Ceylon Lauriu.-e, by Colonel Walker* 

 The branches and leaves are glabrous, the flowers somewhat hnirv, 

 fruit I have not seen. This it appears to me is identical with Bur- 

 man's Cin : lyerpetuojlorens^^XiA certainly a variety of C. zeylanicum, 



135. Cinnamomum duhium, Nees.— The analysis as in the j)rcced- 

 in^. The specimen from which tlii* figure is taken "jvas compared 

 witii one iu my herbarium, named as above by Professor Nees, and 

 found accurately to correspond. One of the ma-^nified flowers in the 

 upper corners is taken from the specimen named by Nees. 



Ilab : Ceylon. 



136. Cinnamomum aromaticum, Nees. Copied from the BotanicaJ 



Repository, No. 590. 



This figure is quoted by Nees as a correct representation of his 

 C aromaticum; the species which yields the China Cinnamon, or 

 first sort Cassia of the European nmrket. 



137. Cinnamomum Culitlawao, 'ScQS—Lciurics Culilahan, Roxb* 

 This figure is copied from Roxburgh*s di awing. 



138 Cinnamomu-^. dulce, Nees— Za^/rw* dulcis, Roxb. natural 

 size^2. A dissected flower— 3. Sterile stamen— 1. Fruit. 



Copied from Roxburgh's fignrc. 



139. Cinnamomum obtusifolium, >see?—7vfl'//n« ohtusi/oHa, Koxb, 

 natural size— ^. A dissected ftowei—3. Glanduliferous stamen— 4. A 

 separate gland— 5. A berry— 6, The same cnt vertically— 7. The 

 embryo 1 



Copied from Roxburgh's figure. 



t 



140. Cinnamomum alhifloruip, (AVall.) Laurus cassia, Uo\\x na* 

 iural$ite—2. A dissected flower— 3. Detached fertile stamens— i, 

 A sterile stamen— 5. A berry- 6-7. Cut vertically arid transversely. 



Copied from Roxburgh's drawin-. 



141. Cinnamomum perpetuo florens, Burm,— Copied from Bur- 

 man'^ Thesaurus Zeylanicus. 



