24 BOTANICAL INFORMATION. 
lives were threatened, and Dr. Campbell had a very narrow escape, being 
treated with great barbarity. 
I entered Thibet, and spent some days north of lat. 28°, discovering 
the source of the Arun river, which flows from west of the Ram- 
tchoo Lakes, behind Kinchinjunga, to its exit from the mountains of 
Thibet in Nepaul. From what I saw, and the voluminous details I 
have collected, I am now convinced that the snowed Himalaya do 
not form an individual mountain chain; but that they consist of 
groups of snowy peaks, widely separated from one another, and are 
parts, or meridional spurs, of a much more lofty range of mountains 
between the great masses of snow and the Yarou-tsampu river. The 
southern water-shed is behind all the snows, often half a degree and 
more; and the Thibetan frontier runs along the line of water-shed be- 
hind, as often as along the ridges of snow. Thibet, between the Yarou - 
and the snow, is, as you have well described it, a lofty, rugged, and 
quite impracticable-country ; though none of the peaks, north of the 
water-shed on that line, reach the elevation of the snowy ones. 
The snowy peaks, called Himalaya, occupy nœuds of great elevation, 
and whose surface is less rugged. The rivers, too, throughout Thibet, 
run in broad open valleys with ragged, scarped flanks. Except along 
the courses of the rivers, the country is uninhabited, and impracticable ; 
and détours of any extent are preferred to crossing the chains in Thibet. 
Of these great næuds I recognize nine, well marked, and separated by 
an unsnowed tract of comparatively low elevation. They are— 
1. A group in long. 93°, which I am now measuring, dividing the 
Soubansiri from the Monass. 
2. A group I am also observing, between the Monass and Patchiou. 
3. Chumalari group, between Patchiou and Mh which rises 
north of Chumalari. 
4. Donkiah (24,000), which I have visited, between the hoc 
and Lachen (or Teesta). 
5. Kinchinjunga, between the Testa iis Arun. 
6. The Peak in 86° 30’, between the Arun and Kosi. 
7. Gosain-than, between the Kosi and Gundule. 
8. Dhwalghiri, between the Gundule and Gogra. 
9. Jewahir and Mansarovar? 
The unsnowed space between 5 and 6 is very great. East of 1 
the snowy Himalaya cease, and the lower ranges sink greatly. I 
am now nearly due south of 1 (S. 10° W.), and see the horizon to 70° 
