BOTANICAL INFORMATION, 25 
east, without a snowy peak or elevation. The snow commences again 
east of the Dihong, which I do not doubt is the Burrampooter and 
Yarou. All the rivers, mentioned above, as between the groupes of 
snows, have their sources in a well-defined range, south of the Yarou. 
That range now forms the boundary of Nepaul, west of Gosain-than, 
and did, east of it, before the war between Nepaul and Thibet. East of 
Gosain-than there is no natural boundary, except where the spurs of 
the mountains, east and west of the exit of the Arun, constitute one. 
The Thibet boundary of Sikkim is Kinchinjunga, to the west ; and the 
range between the Lachong and Teesta in Thibet, which is a westerly 
spur from Donkiah, and this last runs south for forty miles in a snowy 
meridional range. Chumalari does so, likewise; and the Chinese have 
drawn the line south from the eastern flank of the Donkiah for as many 
miles, and then north again, along the western flank of the Chumalari. 
This V-shaped portion includes the greater part of the Matchoo's course, | 
and the town of Pari; it is interposed between Sikkim and Bhotan. 
The Patchiou valley is as low as 6,000 feet, in the latitude of Chuma- 
lari, and looking from Thibet, S.E., I could descry no snow between 
the Chumalari and the group east ofthe Patchiou. This last groupe 
I also see from these mountains (distant about 210 miles), and from 
both stations I make its elevation to be probably 24,000 feet. 
When in Thibet, in lat. 28° 10’ N., and long. 88? E., I took angles 
with a theodolite from a mountain 18,500 feet above the sea, on the 
southern flank of the Arun valley. The ranges to the north of me 
were nowhere below that elevation, but did not rise above 22,000 feet. 
Eastward, I saw THREE meridional ranges, t.e., that of Chumalari 
(S.E.), and two others, each of which came from a lofty mountain-land, 
and were connected with a beautiful snowy range, about eighty miles 
to the N.E., which I believe separated the U and Tsang provinces of 
Thibet. North-west of me was the course of the Arun, and beyond 
that a very lofty range, rising to 25,000 feet, which took a southerly 
direction, forming the snowy Himalaya group between the Arun and 
Kosi, i. e., that, west of Kinchin. This line of water-shed is a physical 
feature, well recognized by the Thibetans : between the Arun and Chu- _ 
malari it is called Dingcham province, and sometimes Damtsen. The 
inhabitants are very black; they rear the shawl-wool goats, and yaks, 
and are a very turbulent race of savages, detested as cattle-robbers by _ 
the Sikkimites, Nepaulese, and Thibetans. To us they were uncouth, —— 
VOL. III. E "n 
