216 APPLICATON OF PINE-TREES. 
CxaTHACEX 59: Hemitelia 5 ; Alsophila 45 ; Metaxia 1; Cyathea 8. 
PankERIEE 2: Ceratopteris 1; Parkeria 1. 
HyMENOPHYLLE 53: Hymenophyllum 22; Trichomanes 31. 
GLEICHENIACEE 12: Gleichenia. 
SCHIZÆACEÆ 55: Aneimia 46; Schizea 5; Lygodium 4. 
OsMUNDACEE 2: Osmunda. zl m 
MARATTIACEJX 4: Danea 2; Marattia 2. 1 
d. 
OrnrocGLossEE 3: Ophioglossum. m a p” 
(To be continued.) ~ ah A W i f l 
Application of Pine-trees ; by BERTHOLD SEEMANN. 
It may be termed a fortunate occurrence, that at a time when the 
Conifere have become such universal favourites, and fairly oceupy that 
position in our gardens to which their curious appearance, their strange 
habit, and their singular foliage entitle them, it should have been dis- 
covered that they possess some additional useful properties besides 
those previously known, proving them to deserve in every respect at- 
tention. 
The increase of literature and international communication has of 
late years produced so great a demand for paper, that rags have be- 
come a rather scarce article, compelling manufacturers to try other 
vegetable substances for making paper: experiments have been set on 
foot with the roots of potatoes, the wood of Willows and Beeches, the 
leaves of Pines, the silky hair of Poplars, Thistles, and Cotton-grasses, 
with Moss, Straw, Beet-roots, and Nettles ; but the result was that the 
substances were either totally unfit for the purpose they were intended 
to serve, or, if applicable, they were not procurable in sufficient quan- 
tities. Jute (Corchorus capsularis, Linn.), which is so well adapted for 
ropes, and even rags in the composition of which Jute occurs, are 
to be unfit for manufacturing paper. The discovery of M. Gross, who 
has succeeded in making paper of the wood of Pinus Abies, Linn; 
must therefore be considered important. The wood used for this pur- 
pose must not be too old, and as far as possible be free from knots; 
branches are rejected. The wood is reduced to a pulp, which, after à 
certain, but very small quantity of linen has been added to it, undergoes 
the same process as that consisting of rags,—with this exception, wè- 
