152 THE TALLOW-TREE AND 
cools. It is again melted and poured into tubs, smeared with mud, to 
prevent its adhering. It is now marketable, in masses of about eighty 
pounds each, hard, brittle, white, opake, tasteless, and without the 
odour of animal tallow ; under high pressure it searcely stains bibulous 
paper; melts at 104° Fahr. It may be regarded as nearly pure stearine; 
the slight difference is doubtless owing to the admixture of oil 
expressed from the seed in the process just described. The seeds 
yield about eight per cent. of tallow, which sells for about five cents 
per pound, 
The process for pressing the oil (elaine), which is carried on at the 
same time, is as follows. This is contained in the kernel of the nut, 
the sebaceous matter which lies between the shell and the husk having 
been removed in the manner described. The kernel, and the husk 
covering it, is ground between two stones, which are heated, to prevent 
clogging from the sebaceous matter still adhering. The mass is then 
placed in a winnowing machine, when the chaff being separated, the - 
white oleaginous kernels, after being steamed, are placed in a mill, to 
be mashed. This machine is formed of a circular stone groove, in 
which a solid stone wheel revolves perpendicularly by the aid of an ox. 
Under this ponderous weight the seeds are reduced to a mealy state, 
steamed in the tubs, formed into cakes, and pressed by wedges in the 
manner already described; the process of mashing, steaming, and 
pressing being repeated with the kernels likewise. The kernels yield 
about thirty per cent. of the oil, which is called * Ising-yu," and sells 
for about three cents per pound, and answers well for lamps, though 
inferior for this purpose to some other vegetable oils in use. The cakes 
which remain after the oil has been pressed out, are much valued as a 
manure, particularly for tobacco-fields, the soil of which is rapidly im- 
poverished by the Virginian weed. : 
by which their consistence is preserved in the hottest weather. They 
are generally coloured red by a minute quantity of Akanet-root 
