306 APPENDIX. 



ISMAIL PASHA (1830) [41], khedive of Egypt, son of Abra- 

 ham Pasha (1789-1848). 



ITURBIDE, AUGUSTIN DE (1783-1824), emperor of Mexico, 

 son of Spanish parents. He was an orphan at 15. 



JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845), seventh president of the 

 United States. He was a posthumous son. 



JACKSON, CHARLES THOMAS (1805-1880), an American 

 physicist. 



JACOBI, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH (1743-1819), a German 

 philosopher, son of a wealthy merchant. His elder brother, Johann 

 Georg Jacobi (1740-1814), was a poet. 



JACQUARD, JOSEPH MARIE (1752-1834), a French mechan- 

 ician, inventor of the Jacquard loom. He was an orphan at 20. 



JANSENIUS, CORNELIUS (1585-1638), a Dutch theologian. 



JAY, JOHN (1745-1829), an American statesman and first chief 

 justice of the United States. He was son of Peter Jay. 



JAY, WILLIAM (1789-1858) [44], an American jurist and 

 philanthropist, son of the preceding. 



JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826) [35], third president of 

 the United States, son of Col. Peter Jefferson (1708 ) and Jane 

 Randolph, daughter of Isham Randolph. 



JEFFREY, FRANCIS (1773-1850), a Scottish critic, eldest son 

 of a clerk of the court. 



JEFFREYS, GEORGE (1648-1689) [40], an English judge, son 

 of John Jeffreys (1608 ). 



JENKINSON, ROBERT BANKS (1770-1828) [43], a British 

 statesman, second earl of Liverpool, son of Charles Jenkinson (1727- 

 1808), first earl. 



JENNER, EDWARD (1749-1823), an English physician, in- 

 ventor of vaccination. He was the third and youngest son of Rev. 

 Stephen Jenner, and was an orphan at 5. 



JOAN OF ARC, "the Maid of Orleans" (1411-1431), a French 

 heroine, fifth child of poor parents. 



