APPENDIX. 285 



CARUS, VICTOR JULIUS (1823) [28], a German biologist, 

 son of Ernst August Carus (1795-1854) [25], a professor of surgery 

 who was son of Friedrich August Carus (1770-1807), a professor of 

 surgery and an author. 



CASSINI, a family of Italian and French astronomers, four mem- 

 bers of which were directors of the Paris observatory for the first 122 

 years of its existence. I. Giovanni Domenico Cassini (1625-1712), 

 the first director, made many discoveries. II. Jacques Cassini ( 1677- 

 1756) [52], son of the preceding and second director. He and his 

 father were the two most eminent members of the family. III. Cesar 

 Francois Cassini (1714-1784) [37], son of the preceding and third 

 director. IV. Jacques Dominique Cassini (1748-1845) [34], son of 

 the preceding and fourth director. V. Alexandre Henri Gabriel Cas- 

 sini (1781-1832) [33], a botanist, son of the preceding. 



CASSIODORUS, MAGNUS AURELIUS (468-560), an Italian 

 statesman, author and ascetic. He was of an ancient and wealthy 

 Roman family. 



CASTELAR, EMILIO (1832 ), a Spanish statesman, son of an 

 exchange broker and an orphan at the age of seven. 



CATO, MARCUS PORCIUS (B. C. 95-46) [139-^-3], a Roman 

 statesman, philosopher and general, great-grandson of Marcus Porcius 

 Cato the Elder (B. C. 234-149), a statesman and patriot. Both were 

 orphans when very young. M. Porcius Cato Salonianus, son of Cato 

 the Elder, was born in his father's 8oth year, and lived to become 

 praetor. 



CAVAIGNAC, LOUIS EUGENE (1802-1857) [40], a French 

 general, son of Jean Baptiste Cavaignac (1762-1829), a French revo- 

 lutionist. The elder brother of Louis, Eleonore Louis Godefroy 

 Cavaignac (1801-1845) [39], was a journalist and republican leader. 



CAVOUR, CAMILLO BENSO (1810-1861), an Italian states- 

 man, younger son of Michael Cavour. 



CELLINI, BENVENUTO (1500-1570), an Italian artist, son of 

 a musician. 



CELSIUS, ANDERS (1701-1744) [43], a Swedish astronomer 



