COMPOSITE FAMILY. 183 



less leafy. Pappns of many slender and roughish bristles, surrounded at bane 

 by a little cup or crown, consisting of many little scales or short stiff bristles 

 more or less united. Heads solitary terminating leafy stems or branches, 

 large and broad. Leaves sessile, coarsely toothed. Root annual. 

 <56. ASTER. Ray-flowers more or less numerous in one row. Involucre imbricated 

 Pappus of very numerous slender roughish bristles ; no cup or crown of 

 short bristles outside. Heads usually panicled or corymbed. Root usually 

 perennial. 



37. ERIGERON. Ray-flowers numerous, narrow, and commonly occupying more 



than one row. 'involucre more simple than in Aster, the scales narrower, 

 appressed, mostly of equal length and occupying only one or two rows, with- 

 out any leaf-like tips; and the pappus more 'scanty, often some minute short 

 and sometimes chaff-like bristles at the base of the' long ones. 



* * Pappus not of long hair-like bristles, either a little cup or crown, or of a few 

 scales, teeth, awns, cf c., or none at all. 



*- No choffon the receptacle among the flowers, except in 41 - 43 and some cultivated 

 and altered forms of 44. Leaves mostly alternate. 



++ Akenes flat : rays pistillate, not yellow, at least in our species. 



38. BOLTONIA. Flowers resembling those of 36 and 37. Receptacle conical or 



hemispherical. Akenes very flat, obovate or obcordate with a callous margin 

 or wing: pappus of several'minute and short bristles, and commonly 2 or 3 

 short awns. Leafy-stemmed, tall, branching herbs, with pale-grecu t'hickish 

 and chieflv entire leaves often turned edgewise. 



39. BRACK YCOME. Flowers like those of 36 or 37. Receptacle conical. Akenes 



flat, wingless : pappus a ring of minute short bristles or narrow scales united 

 into a short crown. 



40. BELLIS. Heads with numerous white, reddish, or purple ravs. Receptacle 



high conical. Akenes flat, obovate, wingless: no pappus. Low nerbs, with 

 solitary peduncled heads, and entire or merelv toothed leaves. 



41. ACHILLEA. Heads mostly with few and wfiite (rarely rose-red or yellow) 



rays. Receptacle small, flattish, chaffy. Akenes oblong, margined: no 

 pappus. 



w- -w- Akenes not fiat, nor boat-shaped: pappus a short crown or none : rays pistillate 

 and fertile, except in 42. 



42. MARUTA. Rays neutral, white; otherwise almost exactly as in the next. 



43. ANTHEMIS. Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous, white or sometimes vellow. 



Involucre of many small close-pressed scales. Receptacle convex, with some 

 slender chaff, at least at the centre. Akenes terete, mostly ribbed. Leaves 

 once to thrice pinnatelv divided. 



44. CHRYSANTHEMUM, including LEUCANTHEMUM and PYRETHRUM. 



Rays pistillate and fertile, numerous. Receptacle convex or flat, without 

 chaff, except in some double-flowered varieties. Disk-flowers mostly with a 

 flattened tube. Pappus none. Otherwise nearly as in Anthemis. 



++-. .-. A kenes top-shaped or oblong, not jlnltened nor incurved: pnppits of 5-10 

 conspicuous thin chaffy scales 'ivith midrib nurre or leas extended info a bristle 

 or aicn: rays in one row, not very numerous, wtdge-shnped, 3 - 5-cleft or lubed, 

 yelloio or partly reddish or brownish-purple, never white: involucre of separate 

 scales. 



45. HELENIUM. Rays pistillate. Involucre of a few small and narrow spreading 



or reflexed scales. Receptacle globular or conical. Heads mostly corymbed. 

 (Akene and pappus, Lessons, p. 130, fig. 294.) 



46. GAILLARDIA. Rays neutral, often partycolored. Involucre of two or more 



rows of loose leafy-tipped scales. Receptacle convex. Disk-flowers often 

 purple : the styles with very slender hispid branches. Heads solitary on slen- 

 der terminal peduncles. 



.w -w- -w- -w- Akenes short, not incurved, covered with extremely long soft-silky hairs 

 (ichich must not be confounded with pappus), hiding the minute pnpjms of many 

 delicate little scales: rays numerous in one rmv, neutral, yellow with dark- 

 colored tjwt fit base, nearly entire : involucre of 2 or 3 rows of short scales 

 united in a cup. 



47. GAZANIA. Head solitary on a long terminal peduncle, large and showy, _the 



rays expanding only in sunshine or bright davlight. Receptacle flat. Disk- 

 flowers yellow : their style abruptly thickened below the two short branches. 



