174 MADDER FAMILY. 



4. MITCHELL A. Flowers in pairs at the end of branches, the two ovaries united 

 into one, which in fruit forms a 2-eyed scarlet berry. Corolla densely white- 

 bearded inside, white or purplish-tinged outside. Style 1 : stigmas 4, slender. 

 Seeds, or rather little stones, 4 to each of the two flowers. Stipules small, 

 not fringed. 

 * * Shrubs or small trees : lobes of the corolla overlapping in the bud. 



6. CEPHALANTHUS. Flowers many and small, crowded in a close round head 

 raised on a peduncle. Calyx 4-toothed. Corolla tubular with 4 very short 

 lobes. Stamens 4. Style long and much protruded, tipped with a capitate 

 stigma. Fruit small, dry and hard, inversely pyramidal, at length splitting 

 into 2 or 4 closed one-seeded portions. 



6. COFFEA. Flowers in small clusters in the axils of the leaves. Calyx 4-5- 



toothed. Corolla with a short tube and 4 or 5 spreading lobes of about the 

 same length. Stamens 4 or 5, with linear-oblong anthers. Style bearing 

 2 slender stigmas. Ovary 2-celled, becoming a small berry, containing 2 hard 

 plano-convex seeds with a groove down the face (coffee), enclosed in a loosa 

 parchment-like hull. 



2. Several or many ovules and seeds in each cell of the ovary and fruit. 

 * Shrubs or low trees, all except thejirst exotic house-plants. 



7. PINCKNEYA. Flowers in a terminal compound cyme. Calyx with 5 lobes, 



4 of them small and lanceolate, the fifth often transformed into a large bright 

 rose-colored leaf! Corolla hairy, with a slender tube and 5 oblong-linear 

 recurving lobes. Stamens 6, protruding. Fruit a globular 2-celled pod, filled 

 with very many thin-winged seeds.' 



8. GARDENIA. Flowers solitary at the end of the branches or nearly so, large, 



very fragrant. Calyx with' 5 or more somewhat leaf-like lobes. Corolla 

 funnel-shaped or salver-shaped, with 5 or more spreading lobes convolute in 

 the bud, and as many linear anthers sessile in its throat. Style 1 : stigma 

 of 2 thick lobes. Fruit fleshy, surmounted by the calyx-lobes, ribbed down 

 the sides, manv-seeded. 



9. BOUVARDIA. "Flowers in clusters at the end of the branches. Calyx with 



4 slender lobes. Corolla with a long and slender or somewhat trumpet-shaped 

 tube, and 4 short spreading lobes, valvate in the bud. Anthers 4, almost 

 sessile in the throat. Style 1: stigma of 2 flat lips. Pod small, globular, 

 2-celled. Seeds wing-margined. 



* * Low, native herbs. 



10. HOUSTONIA. Corolla salver-form or funnel-form, the 4 lobes valvate in the 

 bud. Stamens 4. Style 1 : stigmas 2. Pod short, 2-celled, the upper part 

 rising more or less free from the 4-lobed calyx, opening across the top, and 

 ripening rather few saucer-shaped or thimbel-shaped pitted seeds in each cell. 

 Stipules short and entire, sometimes a mere margin connecting the bases of 

 the opposite leaves. 



1. R-tJBIA, MADDER, (Name from Latin ruber, red, alludes to the red 

 roots, which furnish the well-known red dye. ) 



B. tinct6ria, COMMON or DYERS' M. Cult, from Eu. for the red roots, 

 branching from the ground, 1 - 2 high, with angles of the stems and edges of 

 the lance-oblong or oblanceolate leaves (mostly in sixes) very rough ; flowers 

 greenish, in summer ; berry black. ^ 



2. GALITJM, BEDSTRAW or CLEAVERS. (Name from Greek for 

 milk, which some species in Europe were used to curdle.) Fl. summer. 

 The following all wild species. Several have a red root like that of 

 Madder. 



1. Fruit a black berry, like that of Madder: but the parts of the white flower 

 are only 4. Only in Southern States, in dry sandy soil. ") 



G. hispidulum. Spreading stems l-2 long; leaves in fours, ' or 

 less in length, lance-ovate ; peduncle 1 - 3-flowered ; berry roughish. 



G. uniflbruin. Smooth, slender, lhigh; leaves linear ; flowers mostly 

 solitary. 



